Squashed 'third_party/immer/' content from commit ad3e3556d

git-subtree-dir: third_party/immer
git-subtree-split: ad3e3556d38bb75966dd24c61a774970a7c7957e
This commit is contained in:
Vincent Ambo 2020-07-15 08:20:18 +01:00
commit 7f19d64164
311 changed files with 74223 additions and 0 deletions

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doc/CMakeLists.txt Normal file
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# Targets
# =======
add_custom_target(doxygen
COMMAND doxygen doxygen.config
WORKING_DIRECTORY "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/doc")
add_custom_target(docs
COMMAND make html
WORKING_DIRECTORY "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/doc")
add_dependencies(docs doxygen)
set(immer_ssh_method
ssh -p 5488
-o StrictHostKeyChecking=no
-i ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/tools/travis/ssh-key)
add_custom_target(upload-docs
COMMAND
rsync -av -e \"${immer_ssh_method}\"
${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/doc/_build/html/*
raskolnikov@sinusoid.es:public/immer/)

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# Makefile for Sphinx documentation
#
# You can set these variables from the command line.
SPHINXOPTS =
SPHINXBUILD = sphinx-build
PAPER =
BUILDDIR = _build
# Internal variables.
PAPEROPT_a4 = -D latex_paper_size=a4
PAPEROPT_letter = -D latex_paper_size=letter
ALLSPHINXOPTS = -d $(BUILDDIR)/doctrees $(PAPEROPT_$(PAPER)) $(SPHINXOPTS) .
# the i18n builder cannot share the environment and doctrees with the others
I18NSPHINXOPTS = $(PAPEROPT_$(PAPER)) $(SPHINXOPTS) .
.PHONY: help
help:
@echo "Please use \`make <target>' where <target> is one of"
@echo " html to make standalone HTML files"
@echo " dirhtml to make HTML files named index.html in directories"
@echo " singlehtml to make a single large HTML file"
@echo " pickle to make pickle files"
@echo " json to make JSON files"
@echo " htmlhelp to make HTML files and a HTML help project"
@echo " qthelp to make HTML files and a qthelp project"
@echo " applehelp to make an Apple Help Book"
@echo " devhelp to make HTML files and a Devhelp project"
@echo " epub to make an epub"
@echo " epub3 to make an epub3"
@echo " latex to make LaTeX files, you can set PAPER=a4 or PAPER=letter"
@echo " latexpdf to make LaTeX files and run them through pdflatex"
@echo " latexpdfja to make LaTeX files and run them through platex/dvipdfmx"
@echo " text to make text files"
@echo " man to make manual pages"
@echo " texinfo to make Texinfo files"
@echo " info to make Texinfo files and run them through makeinfo"
@echo " gettext to make PO message catalogs"
@echo " changes to make an overview of all changed/added/deprecated items"
@echo " xml to make Docutils-native XML files"
@echo " pseudoxml to make pseudoxml-XML files for display purposes"
@echo " linkcheck to check all external links for integrity"
@echo " doctest to run all doctests embedded in the documentation (if enabled)"
@echo " coverage to run coverage check of the documentation (if enabled)"
@echo " dummy to check syntax errors of document sources"
.PHONY: clean
clean:
rm -rf $(BUILDDIR)/*
.PHONY: html
html:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b html $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/html
bash sphinx-html-hack.bash
@echo
@echo "Build finished. The HTML pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/html."
.PHONY: dirhtml
dirhtml:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b dirhtml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/dirhtml
@echo
@echo "Build finished. The HTML pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/dirhtml."
.PHONY: singlehtml
singlehtml:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b singlehtml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/singlehtml
@echo
@echo "Build finished. The HTML page is in $(BUILDDIR)/singlehtml."
.PHONY: pickle
pickle:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b pickle $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/pickle
@echo
@echo "Build finished; now you can process the pickle files."
.PHONY: json
json:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b json $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/json
@echo
@echo "Build finished; now you can process the JSON files."
.PHONY: htmlhelp
htmlhelp:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b htmlhelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/htmlhelp
@echo
@echo "Build finished; now you can run HTML Help Workshop with the" \
".hhp project file in $(BUILDDIR)/htmlhelp."
.PHONY: qthelp
qthelp:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b qthelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp
@echo
@echo "Build finished; now you can run "qcollectiongenerator" with the" \
".qhcp project file in $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp, like this:"
@echo "# qcollectiongenerator $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp/immer.qhcp"
@echo "To view the help file:"
@echo "# assistant -collectionFile $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp/immer.qhc"
.PHONY: applehelp
applehelp:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b applehelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/applehelp
@echo
@echo "Build finished. The help book is in $(BUILDDIR)/applehelp."
@echo "N.B. You won't be able to view it unless you put it in" \
"~/Library/Documentation/Help or install it in your application" \
"bundle."
.PHONY: devhelp
devhelp:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b devhelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/devhelp
@echo
@echo "Build finished."
@echo "To view the help file:"
@echo "# mkdir -p $$HOME/.local/share/devhelp/immer"
@echo "# ln -s $(BUILDDIR)/devhelp $$HOME/.local/share/devhelp/immer"
@echo "# devhelp"
.PHONY: epub
epub:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b epub $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/epub
@echo
@echo "Build finished. The epub file is in $(BUILDDIR)/epub."
.PHONY: epub3
epub3:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b epub3 $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/epub3
@echo
@echo "Build finished. The epub3 file is in $(BUILDDIR)/epub3."
.PHONY: latex
latex:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b latex $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/latex
@echo
@echo "Build finished; the LaTeX files are in $(BUILDDIR)/latex."
@echo "Run \`make' in that directory to run these through (pdf)latex" \
"(use \`make latexpdf' here to do that automatically)."
.PHONY: latexpdf
latexpdf:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b latex $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/latex
@echo "Running LaTeX files through pdflatex..."
$(MAKE) -C $(BUILDDIR)/latex all-pdf
@echo "pdflatex finished; the PDF files are in $(BUILDDIR)/latex."
.PHONY: latexpdfja
latexpdfja:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b latex $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/latex
@echo "Running LaTeX files through platex and dvipdfmx..."
$(MAKE) -C $(BUILDDIR)/latex all-pdf-ja
@echo "pdflatex finished; the PDF files are in $(BUILDDIR)/latex."
.PHONY: text
text:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b text $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/text
@echo
@echo "Build finished. The text files are in $(BUILDDIR)/text."
.PHONY: man
man:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b man $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/man
@echo
@echo "Build finished. The manual pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/man."
.PHONY: texinfo
texinfo:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b texinfo $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo
@echo
@echo "Build finished. The Texinfo files are in $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo."
@echo "Run \`make' in that directory to run these through makeinfo" \
"(use \`make info' here to do that automatically)."
.PHONY: info
info:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b texinfo $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo
@echo "Running Texinfo files through makeinfo..."
make -C $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo info
@echo "makeinfo finished; the Info files are in $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo."
.PHONY: gettext
gettext:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b gettext $(I18NSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/locale
@echo
@echo "Build finished. The message catalogs are in $(BUILDDIR)/locale."
.PHONY: changes
changes:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b changes $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/changes
@echo
@echo "The overview file is in $(BUILDDIR)/changes."
.PHONY: linkcheck
linkcheck:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b linkcheck $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/linkcheck
@echo
@echo "Link check complete; look for any errors in the above output " \
"or in $(BUILDDIR)/linkcheck/output.txt."
.PHONY: doctest
doctest:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b doctest $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/doctest
@echo "Testing of doctests in the sources finished, look at the " \
"results in $(BUILDDIR)/doctest/output.txt."
.PHONY: coverage
coverage:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b coverage $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/coverage
@echo "Testing of coverage in the sources finished, look at the " \
"results in $(BUILDDIR)/coverage/python.txt."
.PHONY: xml
xml:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b xml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/xml
@echo
@echo "Build finished. The XML files are in $(BUILDDIR)/xml."
.PHONY: pseudoxml
pseudoxml:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b pseudoxml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/pseudoxml
@echo
@echo "Build finished. The pseudo-XML files are in $(BUILDDIR)/pseudoxml."
.PHONY: dummy
dummy:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b dummy $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/dummy
@echo
@echo "Build finished. Dummy builder generates no files."

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xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
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xmlns:sodipodi="http://sodipodi.sourceforge.net/DTD/sodipodi-0.dtd"
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Algorithms
==========
This module provides overloads of standard algorithms that leverage
the internal structure of the immutable containers to provide faster
iteration. These are drop-in replacements of the respective STL
algorithms that can be a few times faster when applied on immutable
sequences.
For further convenience they can be passed in just a container where
the standard library algorithms require being passed in two iterators.
.. note::
They are a similar idea to `structure-aware iterators`_
but implemented using higher order functions in order to support
structures of any depth. The downside is that this sometimes
causes the compiler to generate bigger executable files.
.. _structure-aware iterators: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T3oA3zAMH9M
-----
.. doxygengroup:: algorithm
:project: immer
:content-only:

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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#
# immer documentation build configuration file, created by
# sphinx-quickstart on Thu Oct 27 18:10:24 2016.
#
# This file is execfile()d with the current directory set to its
# containing dir.
#
# Note that not all possible configuration values are present in this
# autogenerated file.
#
# All configuration values have a default; values that are commented out
# serve to show the default.
# If extensions (or modules to document with autodoc) are in another directory,
# add these directories to sys.path here. If the directory is relative to the
# documentation root, use os.path.abspath to make it absolute, like shown here.
#
# import os
# import sys
# sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('.'))
# -- General configuration ------------------------------------------------
# If your documentation needs a minimal Sphinx version, state it here.
#
# needs_sphinx = '1.0'
# Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be
# extensions coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom
# ones.
extensions = [
'sphinx.ext.mathjax',
'breathe',
]
breathe_projects = { "immer": "_doxygen/xml" }
breathe_default_project = "immer"
# Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
templates_path = ['_templates']
# The suffix(es) of source filenames.
# You can specify multiple suffix as a list of string:
#
from recommonmark.parser import CommonMarkParser
from recommonmark.transform import AutoStructify
source_parsers = { '.md': CommonMarkParser, }
source_suffix = ['.rst', '.md']
def setup(app):
app.add_config_value('recommonmark_config', {
'enable_eval_rst': True,
}, True)
app.add_transform(AutoStructify)
# The encoding of source files.
#
# source_encoding = 'utf-8-sig'
# The master toctree document.
master_doc = 'index'
# General information about the project.
project = u'immer'
copyright = u'2016, 2017 Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente'
author = u'Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente'
raw_enabled = True
# The version info for the project you're documenting, acts as replacement for
# |version| and |release|, also used in various other places throughout the
# built documents.
#
# The short X.Y version.
version = u'0.0.0'
# The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags.
release = u'0.0.0'
# The language for content autogenerated by Sphinx. Refer to documentation
# for a list of supported languages.
#
# This is also used if you do content translation via gettext catalogs.
# Usually you set "language" from the command line for these cases.
language = None
# There are two options for replacing |today|: either, you set today to some
# non-false value, then it is used:
#
# today = ''
#
# Else, today_fmt is used as the format for a strftime call.
#
# today_fmt = '%B %d, %Y'
# List of patterns, relative to source directory, that match files and
# directories to ignore when looking for source files.
# This patterns also effect to html_static_path and html_extra_path
exclude_patterns = ['_build', 'Thumbs.db', '.DS_Store']
# The reST default role (used for this markup: `text`) to use for all
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#
# default_role = None
# If true, '()' will be appended to :func: etc. cross-reference text.
#
# add_function_parentheses = True
# If true, the current module name will be prepended to all description
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#
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# If true, sectionauthor and moduleauthor directives will be shown in the
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#
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pygments_style = 'sphinx'
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# If true, keep warnings as "system message" paragraphs in the built documents.
# keep_warnings = False
# If true, `todo` and `todoList` produce output, else they produce nothing.
todo_include_todos = False
# -- Options for HTML output ----------------------------------------------
# The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages. See the documentation for
# a list of builtin themes.
#
import sys
import os.path
sys.path.append(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__),
'../tools/sinusoidal-sphinx-theme'))
import sinusoidal_sphinx_theme
html_theme_path = sinusoidal_sphinx_theme.html_theme_path()
html_theme = 'sinusoidal_sphinx_theme'
extensions.append("sinusoidal_sphinx_theme")
html_theme_options = {
"project_nav_name": "immer",
"github_link" : "https://github.com/arximboldi/immer",
}
# Theme options are theme-specific and customize the look and feel of a theme
# further. For a list of options available for each theme, see the
# documentation.
#
# html_theme_options = {}
# Add any paths that contain custom themes here, relative to this directory.
# html_theme_path = []
# The name for this set of Sphinx documents.
# "<project> v<release> documentation" by default.
#
# html_title = u'immer v0.0.0'
# A shorter title for the navigation bar. Default is the same as html_title.
#
# html_short_title = None
# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top
# of the sidebar.
#
html_logo = '_static/logo-black.svg'
# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to use as a favicon of
# the docs. This file should be a Windows icon file (.ico) being 16x16 or 32x32
# pixels large.
#
# html_favicon = None
# Add any paths that contain custom static files (such as style sheets) here,
# relative to this directory. They are copied after the builtin static files,
# so a file named "default.css" will overwrite the builtin "default.css".
html_static_path = ['_static']
# Add any extra paths that contain custom files (such as robots.txt or
# .htaccess) here, relative to this directory. These files are copied
# directly to the root of the documentation.
#
# html_extra_path = []
# If not None, a 'Last updated on:' timestamp is inserted at every page
# bottom, using the given strftime format.
# The empty string is equivalent to '%b %d, %Y'.
#
# html_last_updated_fmt = None
# If true, SmartyPants will be used to convert quotes and dashes to
# typographically correct entities.
#
# html_use_smartypants = True
# Custom sidebar templates, maps document names to template names.
#
# html_sidebars = {}
# Additional templates that should be rendered to pages, maps page names to
# template names.
#
# html_additional_pages = {}
# If false, no module index is generated.
#
# html_domain_indices = True
# If false, no index is generated.
#
# html_use_index = True
# If true, the index is split into individual pages for each letter.
#
# html_split_index = False
# If true, links to the reST sources are added to the pages.
#
# html_show_sourcelink = True
# If true, "Created using Sphinx" is shown in the HTML footer. Default is True.
#
# html_show_sphinx = True
# If true, "(C) Copyright ..." is shown in the HTML footer. Default is True.
#
# html_show_copyright = True
# If true, an OpenSearch description file will be output, and all pages will
# contain a <link> tag referring to it. The value of this option must be the
# base URL from which the finished HTML is served.
#
# html_use_opensearch = ''
# This is the file name suffix for HTML files (e.g. ".xhtml").
# html_file_suffix = None
# Language to be used for generating the HTML full-text search index.
# Sphinx supports the following languages:
# 'da', 'de', 'en', 'es', 'fi', 'fr', 'hu', 'it', 'ja'
# 'nl', 'no', 'pt', 'ro', 'ru', 'sv', 'tr', 'zh'
#
# html_search_language = 'en'
# A dictionary with options for the search language support, empty by default.
# 'ja' uses this config value.
# 'zh' user can custom change `jieba` dictionary path.
#
# html_search_options = {'type': 'default'}
# The name of a javascript file (relative to the configuration directory) that
# implements a search results scorer. If empty, the default will be used.
#
# html_search_scorer = 'scorer.js'
# Output file base name for HTML help builder.
htmlhelp_basename = 'immerdoc'
# -- Options for LaTeX output ---------------------------------------------
latex_elements = {
# The paper size ('letterpaper' or 'a4paper').
#
# 'papersize': 'letterpaper',
# The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt').
#
# 'pointsize': '10pt',
# Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble.
#
# 'preamble': '',
# Latex figure (float) alignment
#
# 'figure_align': 'htbp',
}
# Grouping the document tree into LaTeX files. List of tuples
# (source start file, target name, title,
# author, documentclass [howto, manual, or own class]).
latex_documents = [
(master_doc, 'immer.tex', u'immer Documentation',
u'Juan Pedro Bolivar Puente', 'manual'),
]
# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top of
# the title page.
#
# latex_logo = None
# For "manual" documents, if this is true, then toplevel headings are parts,
# not chapters.
#
# latex_use_parts = False
# If true, show page references after internal links.
#
# latex_show_pagerefs = False
# If true, show URL addresses after external links.
#
# latex_show_urls = False
# Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
#
# latex_appendices = []
# It false, will not define \strong, \code, itleref, \crossref ... but only
# \sphinxstrong, ..., \sphinxtitleref, ... To help avoid clash with user added
# packages.
#
# latex_keep_old_macro_names = True
# If false, no module index is generated.
#
# latex_domain_indices = True
# -- Options for manual page output ---------------------------------------
# One entry per manual page. List of tuples
# (source start file, name, description, authors, manual section).
man_pages = [
(master_doc, 'immer', u'immer Documentation',
[author], 1)
]
# If true, show URL addresses after external links.
#
# man_show_urls = False
# -- Options for Texinfo output -------------------------------------------
# Grouping the document tree into Texinfo files. List of tuples
# (source start file, target name, title, author,
# dir menu entry, description, category)
texinfo_documents = [
(master_doc, 'immer', u'immer Documentation',
author, 'immer', 'One line description of project.',
'Miscellaneous'),
]
# Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
#
# texinfo_appendices = []
# If false, no module index is generated.
#
# texinfo_domain_indices = True
# How to display URL addresses: 'footnote', 'no', or 'inline'.
#
# texinfo_show_urls = 'footnote'
# If true, do not generate a @detailmenu in the "Top" node's menu.
#
# texinfo_no_detailmenu = False
# -- Options for Epub output ----------------------------------------------
# Bibliographic Dublin Core info.
epub_title = project
epub_author = author
epub_publisher = author
epub_copyright = copyright
# The basename for the epub file. It defaults to the project name.
# epub_basename = project
# The HTML theme for the epub output. Since the default themes are not
# optimized for small screen space, using the same theme for HTML and epub
# output is usually not wise. This defaults to 'epub', a theme designed to save
# visual space.
#
# epub_theme = 'epub'
# The language of the text. It defaults to the language option
# or 'en' if the language is not set.
#
# epub_language = ''
# The scheme of the identifier. Typical schemes are ISBN or URL.
# epub_scheme = ''
# The unique identifier of the text. This can be a ISBN number
# or the project homepage.
#
# epub_identifier = ''
# A unique identification for the text.
#
# epub_uid = ''
# A tuple containing the cover image and cover page html template filenames.
#
# epub_cover = ()
# A sequence of (type, uri, title) tuples for the guide element of content.opf.
#
# epub_guide = ()
# HTML files that should be inserted before the pages created by sphinx.
# The format is a list of tuples containing the path and title.
#
# epub_pre_files = []
# HTML files that should be inserted after the pages created by sphinx.
# The format is a list of tuples containing the path and title.
#
# epub_post_files = []
# A list of files that should not be packed into the epub file.
epub_exclude_files = ['search.html']
# The depth of the table of contents in toc.ncx.
#
# epub_tocdepth = 3
# Allow duplicate toc entries.
#
# epub_tocdup = True
# Choose between 'default' and 'includehidden'.
#
# epub_tocscope = 'default'
# Fix unsupported image types using the Pillow.
#
# epub_fix_images = False
# Scale large images.
#
# epub_max_image_width = 0
# How to display URL addresses: 'footnote', 'no', or 'inline'.
#
# epub_show_urls = 'inline'
# If false, no index is generated.
#
# epub_use_index = True

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.. highlight:: c++
Containers
==========
This section describes all the containers provided by the library.
Check the :ref:`design` section for a general discussion of these
containers and how to use them.
box
---
.. doxygenclass:: immer::box
:members:
:undoc-members:
array
-----
.. doxygenclass:: immer::array
:members:
:undoc-members:
vector
------
.. doxygenclass:: immer::vector
:members:
:undoc-members:
flex_vector
-----------
.. doxygenclass:: immer::flex_vector
:members:
:undoc-members:
set
---
.. doxygenclass:: immer::set
:members:
:undoc-members:
map
---
.. doxygenclass:: immer::map
:members:
:undoc-members:

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.. _design:
Design
======
This is a library of **immutable containers**.
These containers have all their methods marked ``const``. Instead of
mutating them *in place*, they provide manipulation functions that
*return a new transformed value*, leaving the original value
unaltered. In the context of data-structures, this property of
preserving old values is called **persistence**.
Most of these containers use data-structures in which these operations
can be done *efficiently*. In particular, not all data is copied when
a new value is produced. Instead, the new values may share,
internally, common data with other objects. We sometimes refer to
this property as **structural sharing**. This behaviour is
transparent to the user.
Assigment
---------
We are sorry, we lied. These containers provide *one mutating
operation*: **assignment** --- i.e. ``operator=``.
There is a good reason: without ``operator=`` everything becomes
complicated in C++. For example, one may not contain non-assignable
types in many standard containers, assignment would also be disabled
from your custom types holding immutable containers, and so on and so
forth.
C++ is a multi-paradigm language with an imperative core. Thus, it is
built on the foundation that *variables* can be mutated ---
i.e. assigned to. We don't want to ride against this tide. What we
want to prevent is in-place *object* manipulation. Because of C++
semantics, *variable* assignment is defined in terms of *object
mutation*, so we have to provide *this very particular mutating
operation*, but nothing else. Of course, you are free to mark your
variables ``const`` to completely forbid assignment.
.. warning::
**Assignment is not thread safe**. When a *mutable* variable is
shared across multiple threads, protect access using some other
mechanism.
For obvious reasons, all other methods, which are ``const``, are
thread-safe. It is safe to share *immutable* state across multiple
threads.
To ``const`` or not to ``const``
--------------------------------
Many C++ programmers, influenced by functional programming, are trying
to escape the evils of mutability by using ``const`` whenever
possible. We also do it ourselves in many of our examples to
reinforce the property of immutability.
While in general this is a good practice backed up with very good
intentions, it has one caveat: *it disables moveability*. It does so
even when ``std::move()`` is used. This makes sense, since moving from
an object may mutate it, and ``const``, my friends, prevents *all*
mutations. For example:
.. literalinclude:: ../example/vector/move.cpp
:language: c++
:start-after: move-bad/start
:end-before: move-bad/end
One may think that the variable ``v`` is moved into the
``push_back()`` call. This is not the case, because the variable
``v`` is marked ``const``. Of course, one may enable the move by
removing it, as in:
.. literalinclude:: ../example/vector/move.cpp
:language: c++
:start-after: move-good/start
:end-before: move-good/end
So, is it bad style then to use ``const`` as much as possible? I
wouldn't say so and it is advisable when ``std::move()`` is not used.
An alternative style is to not use ``const`` but adopt an `AAA-style
<aaa>`_ (*Almost Always use Auto*). This way, it is easy to look for
mutations by looking for lines that contain ``=`` but no ``auto``.
Remember that when using our immutable containers ``operator=`` is the
only way to mutate a variable.
.. _aaa: https://herbsutter.com/2013/08/12/gotw-94-solution-aaa-style-almost-always-auto/
.. admonition:: Why does ``const`` prevent move semantics?
For those adventurous into the grainy details C++, here is why.
``std::move()`` does not move anything, it is just *a cast* from
normal *l-value* references (``T&``) to *r-value* reference
(``T&&``). This is, you pass it a variable, and it returns a
reference to its object disguised as an intermediate result. In
exchange, you promise not to do anything with this variable later
[#f1]_. It is the role of the thing that *receives the moved-from
value* (in the previous example, ``push_back``) to actually do
anything interesting with it --- for example, steal its contents
😈.
So if you pass a ``T&`` to ``std::move()`` you get a ``T&&`` and,
unsurprisingly, if you pass a ``const T&`` you get a ``const T&&``.
But the receivers of the moved-from value (like constructors or our
``push_back()``) maybe be moved-into because they provide an
overload that expects ``T&&`` --- without the ``const``! Since a
``const T&&`` can not be converted into a ``T&&``, the compiler
looks up for you another viable overload, and most often finds a
copy constructor or something alike that expects a ``const T&`` or
just ``T``, to which a ``const T&&`` can be converted. The code
compiles and works correctly, but it is less efficient than we
expected. Our call to ``std::move()`` was fruitless.
.. [#f1] For the sake of completeness: it is actually allowed to do stuff
with the variable *after another value is assigned to it*.
.. _move-semantics:
Leveraging move semantics
-------------------------
When using :ref:`reference counting<rc>` (which is the default)
mutating operations can often be faster when operating on *r-value
references* (temporaries and moved-from values). Note that this
removes *persistence*, since one can not access the moved-from value
anymore! However, this may be a good idea when doing a chain of
operations where the intermediate values are not important to us.
For example, let's say we want to write a function that inserts all
integers in the range :math:`[first, last)` into an immutable vector.
From the point of view of the caller of the function, this function is
a *transaction*. Whatever intermediate vectors are generated inside
of it can be discarded since the caller can only see the initial
vector (the one passed in as argument) and the vector with *all* the
elements. We may write such function like this:
.. literalinclude:: ../example/vector/iota-move.cpp
:language: c++
:start-after: myiota/start
:end-before: myiota/end
The intermediate values are *moved* into the next ``push_back()``
call. They are going to be discarded anyways, this little
``std::move`` just makes the whole thing faster, letting ``push_back``
mutate part of the internal data structure in place when possible.
If you don't like this syntax, :doc:`transients<transients>` may be
used to obtain similar performance benefits.
.. admonition:: Assigment guarantees
From the language point of view, the only requirement on moved from
values is that they should still be destructible. We provide the
following two additional guarantees:
- **It is valid to assign to a moved-from variable**. The variable
gets the assigned value and becomes usable again. This is the
behaviour of standard types.
- **It is valid to assign a moved-from variable to itself**. For
most standard types this is *undefined behaviour*. However, for our
immutable containers types, expressions of the form ``v =
std::move(v)`` are well-defined.
Recursive types
---------------
Most containers will fail to be instantiated with a type of unknown
size, this is, an *incomplete type*. This prevents using them for
building recursive types. The following code fails to compile:
.. code-block:: c++
struct my_type
{
int data;
immer::vector<my_type> children;
};
However, we can easily workaround this by using an ``immer::box`` to wrap
the elements in the vector, as in:
.. code-block:: c++
struct my_type
{
int data;
immer::vector<immer::box<my_type>> children;
};
.. admonition:: Standard containers and incomplete types
While the first example might seem to compile when using some
implementations of ``std::vector`` instead of ``immer::vector``, such
use is actually forbidden by the standard:
**17.6.4.8** *Other functions (...)* 2. the effects are undefined in
the following cases: (...) In particular---if an incomplete type (3.9)
is used as a template argument when instantiating a template
component, unless specifically allowed for that component.
.. _batch-update:
Efficient batch manipulations
-----------------------------
Sometimes you may write a function that needs to do multiple changes
to a container. Like most code you write with this library, this
function is *pure*: it takes one container value in, and produces a
new container value out, no side-effects.
Let's say we want to write a function that inserts all integers in the
range :math:`[first, last)` into an immutable vector:
.. literalinclude:: ../example/vector/iota-slow.cpp
:language: c++
:start-after: include:myiota/start
:end-before: include:myiota/end
This function works as expected, but it is slower than necessary.
On every loop iteration, a new value is produced, just to be
forgotten in the next iteration.
Instead, we can grab a mutable view on the value, a :ref:`transient`.
Then, we manipulate it *in-place*. When we are done with it, we
extract back an immutable value from it. The code now looks like
this:
.. _iota-transient:
.. literalinclude:: ../example/vector/iota-transient.cpp
:language: c++
:start-after: include:myiota/start
:end-before: include:myiota/end
Both conversions are :math:`O(1)`. Note that calling ``transient()``
does not break the immutability of the variable it is called on. The
new mutable object will adopt its contents, but when a mutation is
performed, it will copy the data necessary using *copy on write*.
Subsequent manipulations may hit parts that have already been copied,
and these changes are done in-place. Because of this, it does not
make sense to use transients to do only one change.
.. tip::
Note that :ref:`move semantics<move-semantics>` can be used instead to
support a similar use-case. However, transients optimise updates
even when reference counting is disabled.
.. _std-compat:
Standard library compatibility
------------------------------
While the immutable containers provide an interface that follows a
functional style, this is incompatible with what the standard library
algorithms sometimes expect. :ref:`transients` try to provide an
interface as similar as possible to similar standard library
containers. Thus, can also be used to interoperate with standard
library components.
For example the :ref:`myiota() function above<iota-transient>` may as
well be written using standard library tools:
.. literalinclude:: ../example/vector/iota-transient-std.cpp
:language: c++
:start-after: include:myiota/start
:end-before: include:myiota/end

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PROJECT_NAME = "immer"
OUTPUT_DIRECTORY = _doxygen
GENERATE_LATEX = NO
GENERATE_MAN = NO
GENERATE_RTF = NO
GENERATE_HTML = NO
GENERATE_XML = YES
INPUT = \
../immer \
../immer/heap \
../immer/refcount \
../immer/transience
INCLUDE_PATH = ..
QUIET = YES
JAVADOC_AUTOBRIEF = YES
ENABLE_PREPROCESSING = YES
MARKDOWN_SUPPORT = YES
MACRO_EXPANSION = YES
ALIASES = "rst=\verbatim embed:rst:leading-asterisk\n"
ALIASES += "endrst=\n\endverbatim"
ALIASES += "rst{1}=\rst\1\endrst"

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Implementation overview
=======================
.. image:: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/%22Work_in_progress%22%2C_animated.gif
:alt: Work in Progress
:align: center

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.. include:: ../README.rst
:end-before: include:index/end
Contents
--------
.. toctree::
:caption: User Manual
:maxdepth: 3
introduction
design
containers
transients
algorithms
utilities
memory
.. toctree::
:caption: Experimental
:maxdepth: 3
python
guile
----
* :ref:`genindex`
* :ref:`modindex`
* :ref:`search`

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Introduction
============
.. include:: ../README.rst
:start-after: include:introduction/start

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Memory management
=================
Memory management is specially important for immutable data
structures. This is mainly due to:
#. In order to preserve the old value, new memory has to be allocated
to store the new data whenever a container is manipulated. Thus,
more allocations are performed *when changing* than with traditional
mutable data structures.
#. In order to support *structural sharing* transparently, some kind
of garbage collection mechanism is required. Passing immutable
data structures around is, internally, just passing references,
thus the system needs to figure out somehow when old values are not
referenced anymore and should be deallocated.
Thus, most containers in this library can be customized via policies_
in order to use different *allocation* and *garbage collection*
strategies.
.. doxygentypedef:: immer::default_memory_policy
.. doxygentypedef:: immer::default_heap_policy
.. doxygentypedef:: immer::default_refcount_policy
.. _policies: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy-based_design
.. _memory policy:
Memory policy
-------------
.. doxygenstruct:: immer::memory_policy
:members:
:undoc-members:
.. _gc:
Example: tracing garbage collection
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
It is note worthy that all aspects of a
:cpp:class:`immer::memory_policy` are not completely orthogonal.
Let's say you want to use a `tracing garbage collector`_. Actually, we
already provide :cpp:class:`a heap <immer::gc_heap>` that interfaces
with the `Boehm's conservative garbage collector`_. Chunks of memory
allocated with this heap do not need to be deallocated, instead, after
a certain number of allocations, the heap itself will scan the stack
and all allocated memory to find references to other blocks of memory.
The memory that is not referenced anymore is automatically *freed*.
Thus, no reference counting mechanism is needed, and it makes no sense
to use this heap with anything else than the
:cpp:class:`immer::no_refcount_policy`. Also, a big object can be
separated in parts that contain pointers and parts that do not, which
make scanning references faster. So it makes most sense to use
``prefer_fewer_bigger_objects = false``.
.. note:: There are few considerations to note when using
:cpp:class:`gc_heap` with containers. Please make sure to
read :cpp:class:`its documentation section <immer::gc_heap>`
before using it.
.. literalinclude:: ../example/vector/gc.cpp
:language: c++
:start-after: example/start
:end-before: example/end
.. _boehm's conservative garbage collector: https://github.com/ivmai/bdwgc
.. _tracing garbage collector: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracing_garbage_collection
Heaps
-----
A **heap policy** is a `metafunction class`_ that given the sizes of
the objects that we want to allocate, it *returns* a heap that can
allocate objects of those sizes.
.. _metafunction class: http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_62_0/libs/mpl/doc/refmanual/metafunction-class.html
A **heap** is a type with a methods ``void* allocate(std::size_t)``
and ``void deallocate(void*)`` that return and release raw memory.
For a canonical model of this concept check the
:cpp:class:`immer::cpp_heap`.
.. note:: Currently, *heaps* can only have **global state**. Having
internal state poses conceptual problems for immutable data
structures: should a `const` method of a container modify
its internal allocator state? Should every immutable
container object have its own internal state, or new objects
made from another one just keep a reference to the allocator
of the parent?
On the other hand, having some **scoped state** does make
sense for some use-cases of immutable data structures. For
example, we might want to support variations of `region
based allocation`_. This interface might evolve to evolve
to support some kind of non-global state to accommodate
these use cases.
.. _region based allocation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region-based_memory_management
.. admonition:: Why not use the standard allocator interface?
The standard allocator API was not designed to support different
allocation strategies, but to abstract over the underlying memory
model instead. In C++11 the situation improves, but the new API is
*stateful*, posing various challenges as described in the previous
note. So far it was easier to provide our own allocation
interface. In the future, we will provide adaptors so
standard-compatible allocators can also be used with ``immer``.
Heap policies
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. doxygenstruct:: immer::heap_policy
:members:
:undoc-members:
.. doxygenstruct:: immer::free_list_heap_policy
Standard heap
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. doxygenstruct:: immer::cpp_heap
:members:
Malloc heap
~~~~~~~~~~~
.. doxygenstruct:: immer::malloc_heap
:members:
Garbage collected heap
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. doxygenclass:: immer::gc_heap
Heap adaptors
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Inspired by `Andrei Alexandrescu's talk on allocators <allocation
vexation>`_ and `Emery Berger's heap layers <heap layers>`_ we provide
allocator adaptors that can be combined using C++ mixins. These
enable building more complex allocator out of simpler strategies, or
provide application specific optimizations on top of general
allocators.
.. _allocation vexation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LIb3L4vKZ7U
.. _heap layers: https://github.com/emeryberger/Heap-Layers
.. doxygenstruct:: immer::with_data
.. doxygenstruct:: immer::free_list_heap
.. doxygenstruct:: immer::thread_local_free_list_heap
.. doxygenstruct:: immer::unsafe_free_list_heap
.. doxygenstruct:: immer::identity_heap
.. doxygenstruct:: immer::debug_size_heap
.. doxygenstruct:: immer::split_heap
.. _rc:
Reference counting
------------------
`Reference counting`_ is the most commonly used garbage collection
strategy for C++. It can be implemented non-intrusively, in a way
orthogonal to the allocation strategy. It is deterministic, playing
well with RAII_.
A `memory policy`_ can provide a reference counting strategy that
containers can use to track their contents.
.. _reference counting: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_counting
.. _raii: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_acquisition_is_initialization
.. doxygenstruct:: immer::refcount_policy
.. doxygenstruct:: immer::unsafe_refcount_policy
.. doxygenstruct:: immer::no_refcount_policy
Transience
----------
In order to support `transients`, it is needed to provide a mechanism
to track the ownership of the data allocated inside the container.
This concept is encapsulated in *transience policies*.
Note that when :ref:`reference counting <rc>` is available, no such mechanism is
needed. However, when :ref:`tracing garbage collection<gc>` is used instead,
a special policy has to be provided. Otherwise, the transient API is
still available, but it will perform poorly, since it won't be able to
mutate any data in place.
.. doxygenstruct:: immer::no_transience_policy
.. doxygenstruct:: immer::gc_transience_policy

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../extra/python/README.rst

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git+https://github.com/arximboldi/sphinx.git
git+https://github.com/arximboldi/breathe.git
recommonmark

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#!/bin/bash
location=`dirname $0`
echo "Running $0 at $location"
# Fixes issues described here among others
# https://github.com/michaeljones/breathe/issues/284
fix-missing-class-name()
{
src='<span id="\([^"]*\)"></span>\(.*\)<em class="property">class </em>'
dst='<span id=""></span>\2<em class="property">class</em><tt class="descname">\1</tt>'
sed -i "s@$src@$dst@g" $location/_build/html/*.html
}
fix-missing-struct-name()
{
src='<span id="\([^"]*\)"></span>\(.*\)<em class="property">struct </em>'
dst='<span id=""></span>\2<em class="property">struct</em><tt class="descname">\1</tt>'
sed -i "s@$src@$dst@g" $location/_build/html/*.html
}
fix-double-using-keyword()
{
src='<em class="property">using</em><em class="property">using </em>'
dst='<em class="property">using </em>'
sed -i "s@$src@$dst@g" $location/_build/html/*.html
}
fix-do-not-repeat-type-in-member-using-declaration()
{
src='<em class="property">using </em><code class="descname">\(\([^:]*::\)*\)\([^ ]*\) = \([^<]*\)</code>'
dst='<em class="property">using </em><code class="descname">\3 = \4</code>'
sed -i "s@$src@$dst@g" $location/_build/html/*.html
}
fix-do-not-repeat-type-in-member-using-declaration
fix-remove-double-class-name()
{
# src='<code class="descclassname">\([^&]*\)&lt;\([^&]*\)&gt;::</code>'
# dst='<code class="descclassname">\1::</code>'
src='<code class="descclassname">\([^<]*\)</code>'
dst=''
sed -i "s@$src@$dst@g" $location/_build/html/*.html
}
fix-remove-straneous-typedefs()
{
src='typedef '
dst=''
sed -i "s@$src@$dst@g" $location/_build/html/*.html
}
fix-remove-straneous-typedefs-2()
{
src='= typedef '
dst='= '
sed -i "s@$src@$dst@g" $location/_build/html/*.html
}
fix-remove-straneous-typedefs-2
fix-remove-straneous-using-declarations()
{
src='<em class="property">using </em>template&lt;&gt;<br />'
dst=''
sed -i "s@$src@$dst@g" $location/_build/html/*.html
}
fix-remove-straneous-template-in-using-declarations-1()
{
src='\(<dl class="type">\n<dt[^>]*>\)\ntemplate&lt;&gt;<br />'
dst='\1'
pre=':a;N;$!ba;'
sed -i "$pre;s@$src@$dst@g" $location/_build/html/*.html
}
fix-remove-straneous-template-in-using-declarations-1
fix-remove-straneous-template-in-using-declarations-2()
{
src='></span>template&lt;&gt;<br /><span '
dst='></span><span '
sed -i "s@$src@$dst@g" $location/_build/html/*.html
}
fix-remove-straneous-template-in-using-declarations-2
fix-remove-countainer-css-class-in-member-definitions-causing-overflow()
{
src='breathe-sectiondef\([[:alnum:] _-]*\)container'
dst='breathe-sectiondef'
sed -i "s@$src@$dst@g" $location/_build/html/*.html
}
fix-remove-countainer-css-class-in-member-definitions-causing-overflow
fix-remove-inherits-from()
{
src='<p>Inherits from [^/]*</p>'
dst=''
sed -i "s@$src@$dst@g" $location/_build/html/*.html
}
fix-remove-inherits-from

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.. _transient:
Transients
==========
*Transients* is a concept borrowed `from Clojure
<clojure-transients>`_, with some twists to turn make more idiomatic
in C++. Essentially, they are a mutable interface built on top of the
same data structures the implements the immutable containers under the
hood.
These can be useful for :ref:`performing efficient batch
updates<batch-update>` or :ref:`interfacing with standard
algorithms<std-compat>`.
.. _clojure-transients: https://clojure.org/reference/transients
array_transient
---------------
.. doxygenclass:: immer::array_transient
:members:
:undoc-members:
vector_transient
----------------
.. doxygenclass:: immer::vector_transient
:members:
:undoc-members:
flex_vector_transient
---------------------
.. doxygenclass:: immer::flex_vector_transient
:members:
:undoc-members:
set_transient
-------------
.. doxygenclass:: immer::set_transient
:members:
:undoc-members:
map_transient
-------------
.. doxygenclass:: immer::map_transient
:members:
:undoc-members:

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.. highlight:: c++
Utilities
=========
The library provides also some types that, while they are not exactly
immutable data-structures, they are very useful when using immutable
data-structures and value-oriented design in practice.
atom
----
.. doxygenclass:: immer::atom
:members:
:undoc-members: