Changes imported from Abseil "staging" branch:

- 8bcd472c6f1a7c8a3a7aac07d7e5e3f90685fe5e Create an exception-safety testing framework for Abseil by Jon Cohen <cohenjon@google.com>
  - 17cc4bb19ba86e2bc45e9381bd07450c06134903 Fix typo. by Abseil Team <absl-team@google.com>

GitOrigin-RevId: 8bcd472c6f1a7c8a3a7aac07d7e5e3f90685fe5e
Change-Id: Ia1f4f12d25c375e0af34fea052a4a82dc964eeff

absl/base/internal/exception_safety_testing.h

@@ -0,0 +1,679 @@
+// Utilities for testing exception-safety
+
+#ifndef ABSL_BASE_INTERNAL_EXCEPTION_TESTING_H_
+#define ABSL_BASE_INTERNAL_EXCEPTION_TESTING_H_
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <functional>
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <string>
+#include <unordered_map>
+
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/pretty_function.h"
+#include "absl/meta/type_traits.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+#include "absl/strings/substitute.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+struct AllocInspector;
+
+// A configuration enum for Throwing*.  Operations whose flags are set will
+// throw, everything else won't.  This isn't meant to be exhaustive, more flags
+// can always be made in the future.
+enum class NoThrow : uint8_t {
+  kNone = 0,
+  kMoveCtor = 1,
+  kMoveAssign = 1 << 1,
+  kAllocation = 1 << 2,
+  kIntCtor = 1 << 3,
+  kNoThrow = static_cast<uint8_t>(-1)
+};
+
+constexpr NoThrow operator|(NoThrow a, NoThrow b) {
+  using T = absl::underlying_type_t<NoThrow>;
+  return static_cast<NoThrow>(static_cast<T>(a) | static_cast<T>(b));
+}
+
+constexpr NoThrow operator&(NoThrow a, NoThrow b) {
+  using T = absl::underlying_type_t<NoThrow>;
+  return static_cast<NoThrow>(static_cast<T>(a) & static_cast<T>(b));
+}
+
+namespace exceptions_internal {
+constexpr bool ThrowingAllowed(NoThrow flags, NoThrow flag) {
+  return !static_cast<bool>(flags & flag);
+}
+
+// A simple exception class.  We throw this so that test code can catch
+// exceptions specifically thrown by ThrowingValue.
+class TestException {
+ public:
+  explicit TestException(absl::string_view msg) : msg_(msg) {}
+  absl::string_view what() const { return msg_; }
+
+ private:
+  std::string msg_;
+};
+
+extern int countdown;
+
+void MaybeThrow(absl::string_view msg);
+
+testing::AssertionResult FailureMessage(const TestException& e,
+                                        int countdown) noexcept;
+
+class TrackedObject {
+ protected:
+  explicit TrackedObject(absl::string_view child_ctor) {
+    if (!GetAllocs().emplace(this, child_ctor).second) {
+      ADD_FAILURE() << "Object at address " << static_cast<void*>(this)
+                    << " re-constructed in ctor " << child_ctor;
+    }
+  }
+
+  TrackedObject(const TrackedObject&) = delete;
+  TrackedObject(TrackedObject&&) = delete;
+
+  static std::unordered_map<TrackedObject*, absl::string_view>& GetAllocs() {
+    static auto* m =
+        new std::unordered_map<TrackedObject*, absl::string_view>();
+    return *m;
+  }
+
+  ~TrackedObject() noexcept {
+    if (GetAllocs().erase(this) == 0) {
+      ADD_FAILURE() << "Object at address " << static_cast<void*>(this)
+                    << " destroyed improperly";
+    }
+  }
+
+  friend struct ::absl::AllocInspector;
+};
+}  // namespace exceptions_internal
+
+// A test class which is contextually convertible to bool.  The conversion can
+// be instrumented to throw at a controlled time.
+class ThrowingBool {
+ public:
+  ThrowingBool(bool b) noexcept : b_(b) {}  // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
+  explicit operator bool() const {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    return b_;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  bool b_;
+};
+
+// A testing class instrumented to throw an exception at a controlled time.
+//
+// ThrowingValue implements a slightly relaxed version of the Regular concept --
+// that is it's a value type with the expected semantics.  It also implements
+// arithmetic operations.  It doesn't implement member and pointer operators
+// like operator-> or operator[].
+//
+// ThrowingValue can be instrumented to have certain operations be noexcept by
+// using compile-time bitfield flag template arguments.  That is, to make an
+// ThrowingValue which has a noexcept move constructor and noexcept move
+// assignment, use
+// ThrowingValue<absl::NoThrow::kMoveCtor | absl::NoThrow::kMoveAssign>.
+template <NoThrow Flags = NoThrow::kNone>
+class ThrowingValue : private exceptions_internal::TrackedObject {
+ public:
+  ThrowingValue() : TrackedObject(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION) {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    dummy_ = 0;
+  }
+
+  ThrowingValue(const ThrowingValue& other)
+      : TrackedObject(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION) {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    dummy_ = other.dummy_;
+  }
+
+  ThrowingValue(ThrowingValue&& other) noexcept(
+      !exceptions_internal::ThrowingAllowed(Flags, NoThrow::kMoveCtor))
+      : TrackedObject(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION) {
+    if (exceptions_internal::ThrowingAllowed(Flags, NoThrow::kMoveCtor)) {
+      exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    }
+    dummy_ = other.dummy_;
+  }
+
+  explicit ThrowingValue(int i) noexcept(
+      !exceptions_internal::ThrowingAllowed(Flags, NoThrow::kIntCtor))
+      : TrackedObject(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION) {
+    if (exceptions_internal::ThrowingAllowed(Flags, NoThrow::kIntCtor)) {
+      exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    }
+    dummy_ = i;
+  }
+
+  // absl expects nothrow destructors
+  ~ThrowingValue() noexcept = default;
+
+  ThrowingValue& operator=(const ThrowingValue& other) {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    dummy_ = other.dummy_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  ThrowingValue& operator=(ThrowingValue&& other) noexcept(
+      !exceptions_internal::ThrowingAllowed(Flags, NoThrow::kMoveAssign)) {
+    if (exceptions_internal::ThrowingAllowed(Flags, NoThrow::kMoveAssign)) {
+      exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    }
+    dummy_ = other.dummy_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // Arithmetic Operators
+  ThrowingValue operator+(const ThrowingValue& other) const {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    return ThrowingValue(dummy_ + other.dummy_, NoThrowTag{});
+  }
+
+  ThrowingValue operator+() const {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    return ThrowingValue(dummy_, NoThrowTag{});
+  }
+
+  ThrowingValue operator-(const ThrowingValue& other) const {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    return ThrowingValue(dummy_ - other.dummy_, NoThrowTag{});
+  }
+
+  ThrowingValue operator-() const {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    return ThrowingValue(-dummy_, NoThrowTag{});
+  }
+
+  ThrowingValue& operator++() {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    ++dummy_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  ThrowingValue operator++(int) {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    auto out = ThrowingValue(dummy_, NoThrowTag{});
+    ++dummy_;
+    return out;
+  }
+
+  ThrowingValue& operator--() {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    --dummy_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  ThrowingValue operator--(int) {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    auto out = ThrowingValue(dummy_, NoThrowTag{});
+    --dummy_;
+    return out;
+  }
+
+  ThrowingValue operator*(const ThrowingValue& other) const {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    return ThrowingValue(dummy_ * other.dummy_, NoThrowTag{});
+  }
+
+  ThrowingValue operator/(const ThrowingValue& other) const {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    return ThrowingValue(dummy_ / other.dummy_, NoThrowTag{});
+  }
+
+  ThrowingValue operator%(const ThrowingValue& other) const {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    return ThrowingValue(dummy_ % other.dummy_, NoThrowTag{});
+  }
+
+  ThrowingValue operator<<(int shift) const {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    return ThrowingValue(dummy_ << shift, NoThrowTag{});
+  }
+
+  ThrowingValue operator>>(int shift) const {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    return ThrowingValue(dummy_ >> shift, NoThrowTag{});
+  }
+
+  // Comparison Operators
+  friend ThrowingBool operator==(const ThrowingValue& a,
+                                 const ThrowingValue& b) {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    return a.dummy_ == b.dummy_;
+  }
+  friend ThrowingBool operator!=(const ThrowingValue& a,
+                                 const ThrowingValue& b) {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    return a.dummy_ != b.dummy_;
+  }
+  friend ThrowingBool operator<(const ThrowingValue& a,
+                                const ThrowingValue& b) {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    return a.dummy_ < b.dummy_;
+  }
+  friend ThrowingBool operator<=(const ThrowingValue& a,
+                                 const ThrowingValue& b) {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    return a.dummy_ <= b.dummy_;
+  }
+  friend ThrowingBool operator>(const ThrowingValue& a,
+                                const ThrowingValue& b) {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    return a.dummy_ > b.dummy_;
+  }
+  friend ThrowingBool operator>=(const ThrowingValue& a,
+                                 const ThrowingValue& b) {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    return a.dummy_ >= b.dummy_;
+  }
+
+  // Logical Operators
+  ThrowingBool operator!() const {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    return !dummy_;
+  }
+
+  ThrowingBool operator&&(const ThrowingValue& other) const {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    return dummy_ && other.dummy_;
+  }
+
+  ThrowingBool operator||(const ThrowingValue& other) const {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    return dummy_ || other.dummy_;
+  }
+
+  // Bitwise Logical Operators
+  ThrowingValue operator~() const {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    return ThrowingValue(~dummy_, NoThrowTag{});
+  }
+
+  ThrowingValue operator&(const ThrowingValue& other) const {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    return ThrowingValue(dummy_ & other.dummy_, NoThrowTag{});
+  }
+
+  ThrowingValue operator|(const ThrowingValue& other) const {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    return ThrowingValue(dummy_ | other.dummy_, NoThrowTag{});
+  }
+
+  ThrowingValue operator^(const ThrowingValue& other) const {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    return ThrowingValue(dummy_ ^ other.dummy_, NoThrowTag{});
+  }
+
+  // Compound Assignment operators
+  ThrowingValue& operator+=(const ThrowingValue& other) {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    dummy_ += other.dummy_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  ThrowingValue& operator-=(const ThrowingValue& other) {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    dummy_ -= other.dummy_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  ThrowingValue& operator*=(const ThrowingValue& other) {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    dummy_ *= other.dummy_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  ThrowingValue& operator/=(const ThrowingValue& other) {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    dummy_ /= other.dummy_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  ThrowingValue& operator%=(const ThrowingValue& other) {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    dummy_ %= other.dummy_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  ThrowingValue& operator&=(const ThrowingValue& other) {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    dummy_ &= other.dummy_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  ThrowingValue& operator|=(const ThrowingValue& other) {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    dummy_ |= other.dummy_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  ThrowingValue& operator^=(const ThrowingValue& other) {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    dummy_ ^= other.dummy_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  ThrowingValue& operator<<=(int shift) {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    dummy_ <<= shift;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  ThrowingValue& operator>>=(int shift) {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    dummy_ >>= shift;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // Pointer operators
+  void operator&() const = delete;  // NOLINT(runtime/operator)
+
+  // Stream operators
+  friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const ThrowingValue&) {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    return os;
+  }
+
+  friend std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& is, const ThrowingValue&) {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    return is;
+  }
+
+  // Memory management operators
+  // Args.. allows us to overload regular and placement new in one shot
+  template <typename... Args>
+  static void* operator new(size_t s, Args&&... args) noexcept(
+      !exceptions_internal::ThrowingAllowed(Flags, NoThrow::kAllocation)) {
+    if (exceptions_internal::ThrowingAllowed(Flags, NoThrow::kAllocation)) {
+      exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    }
+    return ::operator new(s, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+  }
+
+  template <typename... Args>
+  static void* operator new[](size_t s, Args&&... args) noexcept(
+      !exceptions_internal::ThrowingAllowed(Flags, NoThrow::kAllocation)) {
+    if (exceptions_internal::ThrowingAllowed(Flags, NoThrow::kAllocation)) {
+      exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    }
+    return ::operator new[](s, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+  }
+
+  // Abseil doesn't support throwing overloaded operator delete.  These are
+  // provided so a throwing operator-new can clean up after itself.
+  //
+  // We provide both regular and templated operator delete because if only the
+  // templated version is provided as we did with operator new, the compiler has
+  // no way of knowing which overload of operator delete to call. See
+  // http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/memory/new/operator_delete and
+  // http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/delete for the gory details.
+  void operator delete(void* p) noexcept { ::operator delete(p); }
+
+  template <typename... Args>
+  void operator delete(void* p, Args&&... args) noexcept {
+    ::operator delete(p, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+  }
+
+  void operator delete[](void* p) noexcept { return ::operator delete[](p); }
+
+  template <typename... Args>
+  void operator delete[](void* p, Args&&... args) noexcept {
+    return ::operator delete[](p, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+  }
+
+  // Non-standard access to the actual contained value.  No need for this to
+  // throw.
+  int& Get() noexcept { return dummy_; }
+  const int& Get() const noexcept { return dummy_; }
+
+ private:
+  struct NoThrowTag {};
+  ThrowingValue(int i, NoThrowTag) noexcept
+      : TrackedObject(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION), dummy_(i) {}
+
+  int dummy_;
+};
+// While not having to do with exceptions, explicitly delete comma operator, to
+// make sure we don't use it on user-supplied types.
+template <NoThrow N, typename T>
+void operator,(const ThrowingValue<N>& ef, T&& t) = delete;
+template <NoThrow N, typename T>
+void operator,(T&& t, const ThrowingValue<N>& ef) = delete;
+
+// An allocator type which is instrumented to throw at a controlled time, or not
+// to throw, using NoThrow.  The supported settings are the default of every
+// function which is allowed to throw in a conforming allocator possibly
+// throwing, or nothing throws, in line with the ABSL_ALLOCATOR_THROWS
+// configuration macro.
+template <typename T, NoThrow Flags = NoThrow::kNone>
+class ThrowingAllocator : private exceptions_internal::TrackedObject {
+  static_assert(Flags == NoThrow::kNone || Flags == NoThrow::kNoThrow,
+                "Invalid flag");
+
+ public:
+  using pointer = T*;
+  using const_pointer = const T*;
+  using reference = T&;
+  using const_reference = const T&;
+  using void_pointer = void*;
+  using const_void_pointer = const void*;
+  using value_type = T;
+  using size_type = size_t;
+  using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
+
+  using is_nothrow = std::integral_constant<bool, Flags == NoThrow::kNoThrow>;
+  using propagate_on_container_copy_assignment = std::true_type;
+  using propagate_on_container_move_assignment = std::true_type;
+  using propagate_on_container_swap = std::true_type;
+  using is_always_equal = std::false_type;
+
+  ThrowingAllocator() : TrackedObject(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION) {
+    exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    dummy_ = std::make_shared<const int>(next_id_++);
+  }
+
+  template <typename U>
+  ThrowingAllocator(  // NOLINT
+      const ThrowingAllocator<U, Flags>& other) noexcept
+      : TrackedObject(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION), dummy_(other.State()) {}
+
+  ThrowingAllocator(const ThrowingAllocator& other) noexcept
+      : TrackedObject(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION), dummy_(other.State()) {}
+
+  template <typename U>
+  ThrowingAllocator(  // NOLINT
+      ThrowingAllocator<U, Flags>&& other) noexcept
+      : TrackedObject(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION), dummy_(std::move(other.State())) {}
+
+  ThrowingAllocator(ThrowingAllocator&& other) noexcept
+      : TrackedObject(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION), dummy_(std::move(other.State())) {}
+
+  ~ThrowingAllocator() noexcept = default;
+
+  template <typename U>
+  ThrowingAllocator& operator=(
+      const ThrowingAllocator<U, Flags>& other) noexcept {
+    dummy_ = other.State();
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <typename U>
+  ThrowingAllocator& operator=(ThrowingAllocator<U, Flags>&& other) noexcept {
+    dummy_ = std::move(other.State());
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <typename U>
+  struct rebind {
+    using other = ThrowingAllocator<U, Flags>;
+  };
+
+  pointer allocate(size_type n) noexcept(
+      !exceptions_internal::ThrowingAllowed(Flags, NoThrow::kNoThrow)) {
+    ReadStateAndMaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    return static_cast<pointer>(::operator new(n * sizeof(T)));
+  }
+  pointer allocate(size_type n, const_void_pointer) noexcept(
+      !exceptions_internal::ThrowingAllowed(Flags, NoThrow::kNoThrow)) {
+    return allocate(n);
+  }
+
+  void deallocate(pointer ptr, size_type) noexcept {
+    ReadState();
+    ::operator delete(static_cast<void*>(ptr));
+  }
+
+  template <typename U, typename... Args>
+  void construct(U* ptr, Args&&... args) noexcept(
+      !exceptions_internal::ThrowingAllowed(Flags, NoThrow::kNoThrow)) {
+    ReadStateAndMaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    ::new (static_cast<void*>(ptr)) U(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+  }
+
+  template <typename U>
+  void destroy(U* p) noexcept {
+    ReadState();
+    p->~U();
+  }
+
+  size_type max_size() const
+      noexcept(!exceptions_internal::ThrowingAllowed(Flags,
+                                                     NoThrow::kNoThrow)) {
+    ReadStateAndMaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    return std::numeric_limits<difference_type>::max() / sizeof(value_type);
+  }
+
+  ThrowingAllocator select_on_container_copy_construction() noexcept(
+      !exceptions_internal::ThrowingAllowed(Flags, NoThrow::kNoThrow)) {
+    auto& out = *this;
+    ReadStateAndMaybeThrow(ABSL_PRETTY_FUNCTION);
+    return out;
+  }
+
+  template <typename U>
+  bool operator==(const ThrowingAllocator<U, Flags>& other) const noexcept {
+    return dummy_ == other.dummy_;
+  }
+
+  template <typename U>
+  bool operator!=(const ThrowingAllocator<U, Flags>& other) const noexcept {
+    return dummy_ != other.dummy_;
+  }
+
+  template <typename U, NoThrow B>
+  friend class ThrowingAllocator;
+
+ private:
+  const std::shared_ptr<const int>& State() const { return dummy_; }
+  std::shared_ptr<const int>& State() { return dummy_; }
+
+  void ReadState() {
+    // we know that this will never be true, but the compiler doesn't, so this
+    // should safely force a read of the value.
+    if (*dummy_ < 0) std::abort();
+  }
+
+  void ReadStateAndMaybeThrow(absl::string_view msg) const {
+    if (exceptions_internal::ThrowingAllowed(Flags, NoThrow::kNoThrow)) {
+      exceptions_internal::MaybeThrow(
+          absl::Substitute("Allocator id $0 threw from $1", *dummy_, msg));
+    }
+  }
+
+  static int next_id_;
+  std::shared_ptr<const int> dummy_;
+};
+
+template <typename T, NoThrow Throws>
+int ThrowingAllocator<T, Throws>::next_id_ = 0;
+
+// Inspects the constructions and destructions of anything inheriting from
+// TrackedObject.  Place this as a member variable in a test fixture to ensure
+// that every ThrowingValue was constructed and destroyed correctly.
+struct AllocInspector {
+  AllocInspector() = default;
+  ~AllocInspector() {
+    auto& allocs = exceptions_internal::TrackedObject::GetAllocs();
+    for (const auto& kv : allocs) {
+      ADD_FAILURE() << "Object at address " << static_cast<void*>(kv.first)
+                    << " constructed from " << kv.second << " not destroyed";
+    }
+    allocs.clear();
+  }
+};
+
+// Tests that performing operation Op on a T follows the basic exception safety
+// guarantee.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   * T: the type under test.
+//   * FunctionFromTPtrToVoid: A functor exercising the function under test.  It
+//     should take a T* and return void.
+//
+//  There must also be a function named `AbslCheckInvariants` in an associated
+//  namespace of T which takes a const T& and returns true if the T's class
+//  invariants hold, and false if they don't.
+template <typename T, typename FunctionFromTPtrToVoid>
+testing::AssertionResult TestBasicGuarantee(T* t, FunctionFromTPtrToVoid&& op) {
+  for (int countdown = 0;; ++countdown) {
+    exceptions_internal::countdown = countdown;
+    try {
+      op(t);
+      break;
+    } catch (const exceptions_internal::TestException& e) {
+      if (!AbslCheckInvariants(*t)) {
+        return exceptions_internal::FailureMessage(e, countdown)
+               << " broke invariants.";
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  exceptions_internal::countdown = -1;
+  return testing::AssertionSuccess();
+}
+
+// Tests that performing operation Op on a T follows the strong exception safety
+// guarantee.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   * T: the type under test. T must be copy-constructable and
+//   equality-comparible.
+//   * FunctionFromTPtrToVoid: A functor exercising the function under test.  It
+//     should take a T* and return void.
+//
+//  There must also be a function named `AbslCheckInvariants` in an associated
+//  namespace of T which takes a const T& and returns true if the T's class
+//  invariants hold, and false if they don't.
+template <typename T, typename FunctionFromTPtrToVoid>
+testing::AssertionResult TestStrongGuarantee(T* t,
+                                             FunctionFromTPtrToVoid&& op) {
+  exceptions_internal::countdown = -1;
+  for (auto countdown = 0;; ++countdown) {
+    T dup = *t;
+    exceptions_internal::countdown = countdown;
+    try {
+      op(t);
+      break;
+    } catch (const exceptions_internal::TestException& e) {
+      if (!AbslCheckInvariants(*t)) {
+        return exceptions_internal::FailureMessage(e, countdown)
+               << " broke invariants.";
+      }
+      if (dup != *t)
+        return exceptions_internal::FailureMessage(e, countdown)
+               << " changed state.";
+    }
+  }
+  exceptions_internal::countdown = -1;
+  return testing::AssertionSuccess();
+}
+
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_BASE_INTERNAL_EXCEPTION_SAFETY_TESTING_H_