This is the first step towards replacing the implementation of
attribute sets with an absl::btree_map.
Currently many access are done using array offsets and pointer
arithmetic, so this change is currently causing Nix to fail in various
ways.
Replaces most uses of `string` with `std::string`.
This came up because I removed the "types.hh" import from
"symbol-table.hh", which percolated through a bunch of files where
`string` was suddenly no longer defined ... *sigh*
