602 lines
21 KiB
Text
602 lines
21 KiB
Text
git-checkout(1)
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===============
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NAME
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----
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git-checkout - Switch branches or restore working tree files
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SYNOPSIS
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--------
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[verse]
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'git checkout' [-q] [-f] [-m] [<branch>]
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'git checkout' [-q] [-f] [-m] --detach [<branch>]
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'git checkout' [-q] [-f] [-m] [--detach] <commit>
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'git checkout' [-q] [-f] [-m] [[-b|-B|--orphan] <new_branch>] [<start_point>]
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'git checkout' [-f|--ours|--theirs|-m|--conflict=<style>] [<tree-ish>] [--] <pathspec>...
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'git checkout' [-f|--ours|--theirs|-m|--conflict=<style>] [<tree-ish>] --pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]
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'git checkout' (-p|--patch) [<tree-ish>] [--] [<pathspec>...]
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DESCRIPTION
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-----------
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Updates files in the working tree to match the version in the index
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or the specified tree. If no pathspec was given, 'git checkout' will
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also update `HEAD` to set the specified branch as the current
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branch.
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'git checkout' [<branch>]::
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To prepare for working on `<branch>`, switch to it by updating
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the index and the files in the working tree, and by pointing
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`HEAD` at the branch. Local modifications to the files in the
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working tree are kept, so that they can be committed to the
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`<branch>`.
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+
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If `<branch>` is not found but there does exist a tracking branch in
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exactly one remote (call it `<remote>`) with a matching name and
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`--no-guess` is not specified, treat as equivalent to
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+
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------------
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$ git checkout -b <branch> --track <remote>/<branch>
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------------
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+
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You could omit `<branch>`, in which case the command degenerates to
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"check out the current branch", which is a glorified no-op with
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rather expensive side-effects to show only the tracking information,
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if exists, for the current branch.
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'git checkout' -b|-B <new_branch> [<start point>]::
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Specifying `-b` causes a new branch to be created as if
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linkgit:git-branch[1] were called and then checked out. In
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this case you can use the `--track` or `--no-track` options,
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which will be passed to 'git branch'. As a convenience,
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`--track` without `-b` implies branch creation; see the
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description of `--track` below.
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+
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If `-B` is given, `<new_branch>` is created if it doesn't exist; otherwise, it
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is reset. This is the transactional equivalent of
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+
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------------
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$ git branch -f <branch> [<start point>]
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$ git checkout <branch>
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------------
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+
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that is to say, the branch is not reset/created unless "git checkout" is
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successful.
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'git checkout' --detach [<branch>]::
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'git checkout' [--detach] <commit>::
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Prepare to work on top of `<commit>`, by detaching `HEAD` at it
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(see "DETACHED HEAD" section), and updating the index and the
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files in the working tree. Local modifications to the files
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in the working tree are kept, so that the resulting working
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tree will be the state recorded in the commit plus the local
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modifications.
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+
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When the `<commit>` argument is a branch name, the `--detach` option can
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be used to detach `HEAD` at the tip of the branch (`git checkout
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<branch>` would check out that branch without detaching `HEAD`).
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+
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Omitting `<branch>` detaches `HEAD` at the tip of the current branch.
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'git checkout' [-f|--ours|--theirs|-m|--conflict=<style>] [<tree-ish>] [--] <pathspec>...::
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'git checkout' [-f|--ours|--theirs|-m|--conflict=<style>] [<tree-ish>] --pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]::
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Overwrite the contents of the files that match the pathspec.
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When the `<tree-ish>` (most often a commit) is not given,
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overwrite working tree with the contents in the index.
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When the `<tree-ish>` is given, overwrite both the index and
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the working tree with the contents at the `<tree-ish>`.
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+
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The index may contain unmerged entries because of a previous failed merge.
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By default, if you try to check out such an entry from the index, the
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checkout operation will fail and nothing will be checked out.
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Using `-f` will ignore these unmerged entries. The contents from a
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specific side of the merge can be checked out of the index by
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using `--ours` or `--theirs`. With `-m`, changes made to the working tree
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file can be discarded to re-create the original conflicted merge result.
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'git checkout' (-p|--patch) [<tree-ish>] [--] [<pathspec>...]::
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This is similar to the previous mode, but lets you use the
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interactive interface to show the "diff" output and choose which
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hunks to use in the result. See below for the description of
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`--patch` option.
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OPTIONS
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-------
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-q::
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--quiet::
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Quiet, suppress feedback messages.
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--progress::
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--no-progress::
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Progress status is reported on the standard error stream
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by default when it is attached to a terminal, unless `--quiet`
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is specified. This flag enables progress reporting even if not
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attached to a terminal, regardless of `--quiet`.
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-f::
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--force::
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When switching branches, proceed even if the index or the
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working tree differs from `HEAD`. This is used to throw away
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local changes.
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+
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When checking out paths from the index, do not fail upon unmerged
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entries; instead, unmerged entries are ignored.
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--ours::
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--theirs::
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When checking out paths from the index, check out stage #2
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('ours') or #3 ('theirs') for unmerged paths.
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+
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Note that during `git rebase` and `git pull --rebase`, 'ours' and
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'theirs' may appear swapped; `--ours` gives the version from the
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branch the changes are rebased onto, while `--theirs` gives the
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version from the branch that holds your work that is being rebased.
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+
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This is because `rebase` is used in a workflow that treats the
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history at the remote as the shared canonical one, and treats the
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work done on the branch you are rebasing as the third-party work to
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be integrated, and you are temporarily assuming the role of the
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keeper of the canonical history during the rebase. As the keeper of
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the canonical history, you need to view the history from the remote
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as `ours` (i.e. "our shared canonical history"), while what you did
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on your side branch as `theirs` (i.e. "one contributor's work on top
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of it").
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-b <new_branch>::
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Create a new branch named `<new_branch>` and start it at
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`<start_point>`; see linkgit:git-branch[1] for details.
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-B <new_branch>::
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Creates the branch `<new_branch>` and start it at `<start_point>`;
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if it already exists, then reset it to `<start_point>`. This is
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equivalent to running "git branch" with "-f"; see
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linkgit:git-branch[1] for details.
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-t::
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--track::
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When creating a new branch, set up "upstream" configuration. See
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"--track" in linkgit:git-branch[1] for details.
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If no `-b` option is given, the name of the new branch will be
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derived from the remote-tracking branch, by looking at the local part of
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the refspec configured for the corresponding remote, and then stripping
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the initial part up to the "*".
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This would tell us to use `hack` as the local branch when branching
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off of `origin/hack` (or `remotes/origin/hack`, or even
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`refs/remotes/origin/hack`). If the given name has no slash, or the above
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guessing results in an empty name, the guessing is aborted. You can
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explicitly give a name with `-b` in such a case.
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--no-track::
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Do not set up "upstream" configuration, even if the
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`branch.autoSetupMerge` configuration variable is true.
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--guess::
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--no-guess::
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If `<branch>` is not found but there does exist a tracking
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branch in exactly one remote (call it `<remote>`) with a
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matching name, treat as equivalent to
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------------
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$ git checkout -b <branch> --track <remote>/<branch>
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------------
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If the branch exists in multiple remotes and one of them is named by
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the `checkout.defaultRemote` configuration variable, we'll use that
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one for the purposes of disambiguation, even if the `<branch>` isn't
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unique across all remotes. Set it to
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e.g. `checkout.defaultRemote=origin` to always checkout remote
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branches from there if `<branch>` is ambiguous but exists on the
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'origin' remote. See also `checkout.defaultRemote` in
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linkgit:git-config[1].
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Use `--no-guess` to disable this.
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-l::
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Create the new branch's reflog; see linkgit:git-branch[1] for
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details.
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--detach::
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Rather than checking out a branch to work on it, check out a
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commit for inspection and discardable experiments.
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This is the default behavior of `git checkout <commit>` when
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`<commit>` is not a branch name. See the "DETACHED HEAD" section
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below for details.
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--orphan <new_branch>::
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Create a new 'orphan' branch, named `<new_branch>`, started from
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`<start_point>` and switch to it. The first commit made on this
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new branch will have no parents and it will be the root of a new
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history totally disconnected from all the other branches and
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commits.
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+
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The index and the working tree are adjusted as if you had previously run
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`git checkout <start_point>`. This allows you to start a new history
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that records a set of paths similar to `<start_point>` by easily running
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`git commit -a` to make the root commit.
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+
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This can be useful when you want to publish the tree from a commit
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without exposing its full history. You might want to do this to publish
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an open source branch of a project whose current tree is "clean", but
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whose full history contains proprietary or otherwise encumbered bits of
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code.
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+
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If you want to start a disconnected history that records a set of paths
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that is totally different from the one of `<start_point>`, then you should
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clear the index and the working tree right after creating the orphan
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branch by running `git rm -rf .` from the top level of the working tree.
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Afterwards you will be ready to prepare your new files, repopulating the
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working tree, by copying them from elsewhere, extracting a tarball, etc.
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--ignore-skip-worktree-bits::
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In sparse checkout mode, `git checkout -- <paths>` would
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update only entries matched by `<paths>` and sparse patterns
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in `$GIT_DIR/info/sparse-checkout`. This option ignores
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the sparse patterns and adds back any files in `<paths>`.
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-m::
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--merge::
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When switching branches,
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if you have local modifications to one or more files that
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are different between the current branch and the branch to
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which you are switching, the command refuses to switch
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branches in order to preserve your modifications in context.
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However, with this option, a three-way merge between the current
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branch, your working tree contents, and the new branch
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is done, and you will be on the new branch.
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+
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When a merge conflict happens, the index entries for conflicting
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paths are left unmerged, and you need to resolve the conflicts
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and mark the resolved paths with `git add` (or `git rm` if the merge
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should result in deletion of the path).
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When checking out paths from the index, this option lets you recreate
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the conflicted merge in the specified paths.
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+
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When switching branches with `--merge`, staged changes may be lost.
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--conflict=<style>::
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The same as `--merge` option above, but changes the way the
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conflicting hunks are presented, overriding the
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`merge.conflictStyle` configuration variable. Possible values are
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"merge" (default) and "diff3" (in addition to what is shown by
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"merge" style, shows the original contents).
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-p::
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--patch::
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Interactively select hunks in the difference between the
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`<tree-ish>` (or the index, if unspecified) and the working
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tree. The chosen hunks are then applied in reverse to the
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working tree (and if a `<tree-ish>` was specified, the index).
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+
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This means that you can use `git checkout -p` to selectively discard
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edits from your current working tree. See the ``Interactive Mode''
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section of linkgit:git-add[1] to learn how to operate the `--patch` mode.
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+
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Note that this option uses the no overlay mode by default (see also
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`--overlay`), and currently doesn't support overlay mode.
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--ignore-other-worktrees::
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`git checkout` refuses when the wanted ref is already checked
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out by another worktree. This option makes it check the ref
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out anyway. In other words, the ref can be held by more than one
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worktree.
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--overwrite-ignore::
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--no-overwrite-ignore::
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Silently overwrite ignored files when switching branches. This
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is the default behavior. Use `--no-overwrite-ignore` to abort
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the operation when the new branch contains ignored files.
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--recurse-submodules::
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--no-recurse-submodules::
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Using `--recurse-submodules` will update the content of all initialized
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submodules according to the commit recorded in the superproject. If
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local modifications in a submodule would be overwritten the checkout
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will fail unless `-f` is used. If nothing (or `--no-recurse-submodules`)
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is used, the work trees of submodules will not be updated.
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Just like linkgit:git-submodule[1], this will detach `HEAD` of the
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submodule.
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--overlay::
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--no-overlay::
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In the default overlay mode, `git checkout` never
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removes files from the index or the working tree. When
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specifying `--no-overlay`, files that appear in the index and
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working tree, but not in `<tree-ish>` are removed, to make them
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match `<tree-ish>` exactly.
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--pathspec-from-file=<file>::
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Pathspec is passed in `<file>` instead of commandline args. If
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`<file>` is exactly `-` then standard input is used. Pathspec
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elements are separated by LF or CR/LF. Pathspec elements can be
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quoted as explained for the configuration variable `core.quotePath`
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(see linkgit:git-config[1]). See also `--pathspec-file-nul` and
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global `--literal-pathspecs`.
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--pathspec-file-nul::
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Only meaningful with `--pathspec-from-file`. Pathspec elements are
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separated with NUL character and all other characters are taken
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literally (including newlines and quotes).
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<branch>::
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Branch to checkout; if it refers to a branch (i.e., a name that,
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when prepended with "refs/heads/", is a valid ref), then that
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branch is checked out. Otherwise, if it refers to a valid
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commit, your `HEAD` becomes "detached" and you are no longer on
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any branch (see below for details).
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+
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You can use the `@{-N}` syntax to refer to the N-th last
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branch/commit checked out using "git checkout" operation. You may
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also specify `-` which is synonymous to `@{-1}`.
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+
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As a special case, you may use `A...B` as a shortcut for the
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merge base of `A` and `B` if there is exactly one merge base. You can
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leave out at most one of `A` and `B`, in which case it defaults to `HEAD`.
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<new_branch>::
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Name for the new branch.
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<start_point>::
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The name of a commit at which to start the new branch; see
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linkgit:git-branch[1] for details. Defaults to `HEAD`.
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+
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As a special case, you may use `"A...B"` as a shortcut for the
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merge base of `A` and `B` if there is exactly one merge base. You can
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leave out at most one of `A` and `B`, in which case it defaults to `HEAD`.
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<tree-ish>::
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Tree to checkout from (when paths are given). If not specified,
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the index will be used.
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\--::
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Do not interpret any more arguments as options.
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<pathspec>...::
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Limits the paths affected by the operation.
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+
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For more details, see the 'pathspec' entry in linkgit:gitglossary[7].
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DETACHED HEAD
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-------------
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`HEAD` normally refers to a named branch (e.g. `master`). Meanwhile, each
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branch refers to a specific commit. Let's look at a repo with three
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commits, one of them tagged, and with branch `master` checked out:
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------------
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HEAD (refers to branch 'master')
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v
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a---b---c branch 'master' (refers to commit 'c')
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^
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tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b')
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------------
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When a commit is created in this state, the branch is updated to refer to
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the new commit. Specifically, 'git commit' creates a new commit `d`, whose
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parent is commit `c`, and then updates branch `master` to refer to new
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commit `d`. `HEAD` still refers to branch `master` and so indirectly now refers
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to commit `d`:
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------------
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$ edit; git add; git commit
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HEAD (refers to branch 'master')
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v
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a---b---c---d branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd')
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^
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tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b')
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------------
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It is sometimes useful to be able to checkout a commit that is not at
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the tip of any named branch, or even to create a new commit that is not
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referenced by a named branch. Let's look at what happens when we
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checkout commit `b` (here we show two ways this may be done):
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------------
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$ git checkout v2.0 # or
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$ git checkout master^^
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HEAD (refers to commit 'b')
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v
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a---b---c---d branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd')
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^
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tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b')
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------------
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Notice that regardless of which checkout command we use, `HEAD` now refers
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directly to commit `b`. This is known as being in detached `HEAD` state.
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It means simply that `HEAD` refers to a specific commit, as opposed to
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referring to a named branch. Let's see what happens when we create a commit:
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------------
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$ edit; git add; git commit
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HEAD (refers to commit 'e')
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v
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e
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/
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a---b---c---d branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd')
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^
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tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b')
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------------
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There is now a new commit `e`, but it is referenced only by `HEAD`. We can
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of course add yet another commit in this state:
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------------
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$ edit; git add; git commit
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HEAD (refers to commit 'f')
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v
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e---f
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/
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a---b---c---d branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd')
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^
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tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b')
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------------
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In fact, we can perform all the normal Git operations. But, let's look
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at what happens when we then checkout `master`:
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------------
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$ git checkout master
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HEAD (refers to branch 'master')
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e---f |
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/ v
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a---b---c---d branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd')
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^
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tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b')
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------------
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It is important to realize that at this point nothing refers to commit
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`f`. Eventually commit `f` (and by extension commit `e`) will be deleted
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by the routine Git garbage collection process, unless we create a reference
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before that happens. If we have not yet moved away from commit `f`,
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any of these will create a reference to it:
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------------
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$ git checkout -b foo <1>
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$ git branch foo <2>
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$ git tag foo <3>
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------------
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<1> creates a new branch `foo`, which refers to commit `f`, and then
|
|
updates `HEAD` to refer to branch `foo`. In other words, we'll no longer
|
|
be in detached `HEAD` state after this command.
|
|
|
|
<2> similarly creates a new branch `foo`, which refers to commit `f`,
|
|
but leaves `HEAD` detached.
|
|
|
|
<3> creates a new tag `foo`, which refers to commit `f`,
|
|
leaving `HEAD` detached.
|
|
|
|
If we have moved away from commit `f`, then we must first recover its object
|
|
name (typically by using git reflog), and then we can create a reference to
|
|
it. For example, to see the last two commits to which `HEAD` referred, we
|
|
can use either of these commands:
|
|
|
|
------------
|
|
$ git reflog -2 HEAD # or
|
|
$ git log -g -2 HEAD
|
|
------------
|
|
|
|
ARGUMENT DISAMBIGUATION
|
|
-----------------------
|
|
|
|
When there is only one argument given and it is not `--` (e.g. `git
|
|
checkout abc`), and when the argument is both a valid `<tree-ish>`
|
|
(e.g. a branch `abc` exists) and a valid `<pathspec>` (e.g. a file
|
|
or a directory whose name is "abc" exists), Git would usually ask
|
|
you to disambiguate. Because checking out a branch is so common an
|
|
operation, however, `git checkout abc` takes "abc" as a `<tree-ish>`
|
|
in such a situation. Use `git checkout -- <pathspec>` if you want
|
|
to checkout these paths out of the index.
|
|
|
|
EXAMPLES
|
|
--------
|
|
|
|
. The following sequence checks out the `master` branch, reverts
|
|
the `Makefile` to two revisions back, deletes `hello.c` by
|
|
mistake, and gets it back from the index.
|
|
+
|
|
------------
|
|
$ git checkout master <1>
|
|
$ git checkout master~2 Makefile <2>
|
|
$ rm -f hello.c
|
|
$ git checkout hello.c <3>
|
|
------------
|
|
+
|
|
<1> switch branch
|
|
<2> take a file out of another commit
|
|
<3> restore `hello.c` from the index
|
|
+
|
|
If you want to check out _all_ C source files out of the index,
|
|
you can say
|
|
+
|
|
------------
|
|
$ git checkout -- '*.c'
|
|
------------
|
|
+
|
|
Note the quotes around `*.c`. The file `hello.c` will also be
|
|
checked out, even though it is no longer in the working tree,
|
|
because the file globbing is used to match entries in the index
|
|
(not in the working tree by the shell).
|
|
+
|
|
If you have an unfortunate branch that is named `hello.c`, this
|
|
step would be confused as an instruction to switch to that branch.
|
|
You should instead write:
|
|
+
|
|
------------
|
|
$ git checkout -- hello.c
|
|
------------
|
|
|
|
. After working in the wrong branch, switching to the correct
|
|
branch would be done using:
|
|
+
|
|
------------
|
|
$ git checkout mytopic
|
|
------------
|
|
+
|
|
However, your "wrong" branch and correct `mytopic` branch may
|
|
differ in files that you have modified locally, in which case
|
|
the above checkout would fail like this:
|
|
+
|
|
------------
|
|
$ git checkout mytopic
|
|
error: You have local changes to 'frotz'; not switching branches.
|
|
------------
|
|
+
|
|
You can give the `-m` flag to the command, which would try a
|
|
three-way merge:
|
|
+
|
|
------------
|
|
$ git checkout -m mytopic
|
|
Auto-merging frotz
|
|
------------
|
|
+
|
|
After this three-way merge, the local modifications are _not_
|
|
registered in your index file, so `git diff` would show you what
|
|
changes you made since the tip of the new branch.
|
|
|
|
. When a merge conflict happens during switching branches with
|
|
the `-m` option, you would see something like this:
|
|
+
|
|
------------
|
|
$ git checkout -m mytopic
|
|
Auto-merging frotz
|
|
ERROR: Merge conflict in frotz
|
|
fatal: merge program failed
|
|
------------
|
|
+
|
|
At this point, `git diff` shows the changes cleanly merged as in
|
|
the previous example, as well as the changes in the conflicted
|
|
files. Edit and resolve the conflict and mark it resolved with
|
|
`git add` as usual:
|
|
+
|
|
------------
|
|
$ edit frotz
|
|
$ git add frotz
|
|
------------
|
|
|
|
SEE ALSO
|
|
--------
|
|
linkgit:git-switch[1],
|
|
linkgit:git-restore[1]
|
|
|
|
GIT
|
|
---
|
|
Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite
|