1140 lines
38 KiB
XML
1140 lines
38 KiB
XML
<section xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
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xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
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xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
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version="5.0"
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xml:id='ssec-builtins'>
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||
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||
<title>Built-in Functions</title>
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||
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||
<para>This section lists the functions and constants built into the
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Nix expression evaluator. (The built-in function
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||
<function>derivation</function> is discussed above.) Some built-ins,
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||
such as <function>derivation</function>, are always in scope of every
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||
Nix expression; you can just access them right away. But to prevent
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||
polluting the namespace too much, most built-ins are not in scope.
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||
Instead, you can access them through the <varname>builtins</varname>
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||
built-in value, which is a set that contains all built-in functions
|
||
and values. For instance, <function>derivation</function> is also
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||
available as <function>builtins.derivation</function>.</para>
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||
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||
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||
<variablelist>
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||
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||
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<varlistentry><term><function>abort</function> <replaceable>s</replaceable></term>
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||
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<listitem><para>Abort Nix expression evaluation, print error
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||
message <replaceable>s</replaceable>.</para></listitem>
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||
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</varlistentry>
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||
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||
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||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.add</function>
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||
<replaceable>e1</replaceable> <replaceable>e2</replaceable></term>
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||
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||
<listitem><para>Return the sum of the numbers
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||
<replaceable>e1</replaceable> and
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||
<replaceable>e2</replaceable>.</para></listitem>
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||
|
||
</varlistentry>
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||
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||
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||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.all</function>
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||
<replaceable>pred</replaceable> <replaceable>list</replaceable></term>
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||
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||
<listitem><para>Return <literal>true</literal> if the function
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||
<replaceable>pred</replaceable> returns <literal>true</literal>
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||
for all elements of <replaceable>list</replaceable>,
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||
and <literal>false</literal> otherwise.</para></listitem>
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||
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||
</varlistentry>
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||
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||
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||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.any</function>
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||
<replaceable>pred</replaceable> <replaceable>list</replaceable></term>
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||
|
||
<listitem><para>Return <literal>true</literal> if the function
|
||
<replaceable>pred</replaceable> returns <literal>true</literal>
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||
for at least one element of <replaceable>list</replaceable>,
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||
and <literal>false</literal> otherwise.</para></listitem>
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||
|
||
</varlistentry>
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||
|
||
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||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.attrNames</function>
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||
<replaceable>set</replaceable></term>
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||
|
||
<listitem><para>Return the names of the attributes in the set
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||
<replaceable>set</replaceable> in a sorted list. For instance,
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||
<literal>builtins.attrNames { y = 1; x = "foo"; }</literal>
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||
evaluates to <literal>[ "x" "y" ]</literal>.</para></listitem>
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||
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||
</varlistentry>
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||
|
||
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||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.attrValues</function>
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||
<replaceable>set</replaceable></term>
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||
|
||
<listitem><para>Return the values of the attributes in the set
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||
<replaceable>set</replaceable> in the order corresponding to the
|
||
sorted attribute names.</para></listitem>
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||
|
||
</varlistentry>
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||
|
||
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<varlistentry><term><function>baseNameOf</function> <replaceable>s</replaceable></term>
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||
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||
<listitem><para>Return the <emphasis>base name</emphasis> of the
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||
string <replaceable>s</replaceable>, that is, everything following
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||
the final slash in the string. This is similar to the GNU
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||
<command>basename</command> command.</para></listitem>
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||
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</varlistentry>
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||
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<varlistentry><term><varname>builtins</varname></term>
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||
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<listitem><para>The set <varname>builtins</varname> contains all
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||
the built-in functions and values. You can use
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||
<varname>builtins</varname> to test for the availability of
|
||
features in the Nix installation, e.g.,
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||
|
||
<programlisting>
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||
if builtins ? getEnv then builtins.getEnv "PATH" else ""</programlisting>
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||
|
||
This allows a Nix expression to fall back gracefully on older Nix
|
||
installations that don’t have the desired built-in
|
||
function.</para></listitem>
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||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.compareVersions</function>
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||
<replaceable>s1</replaceable> <replaceable>s2</replaceable></term>
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||
|
||
<listitem><para>Compare two strings representing versions and
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||
return <literal>-1</literal> if version
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||
<replaceable>s1</replaceable> is older than version
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||
<replaceable>s2</replaceable>, <literal>0</literal> if they are
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||
the same, and <literal>1</literal> if
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||
<replaceable>s1</replaceable> is newer than
|
||
<replaceable>s2</replaceable>. The version comparison algorithm
|
||
is the same as the one used by <link
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||
linkend="ssec-version-comparisons"><command>nix-env
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||
-u</command></link>.</para></listitem>
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||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.concatLists</function>
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||
<replaceable>lists</replaceable></term>
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||
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||
<listitem><para>Concatenate a list of lists into a single
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||
list.</para></listitem>
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||
|
||
</varlistentry>
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||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry
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||
xml:id='builtin-currentSystem'><term><varname>builtins.currentSystem</varname></term>
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||
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||
<listitem><para>The built-in value <varname>currentSystem</varname>
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||
evaluates to the Nix platform identifier for the Nix installation
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||
on which the expression is being evaluated, such as
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||
<literal>"i686-linux"</literal> or
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||
<literal>"powerpc-darwin"</literal>.</para></listitem>
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||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!--
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||
<varlistentry><term><function>currentTime</function></term>
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||
|
||
<listitem><para>The built-in value <varname>currentTime</varname>
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||
returns the current system time in seconds since 00:00:00 1/1/1970
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||
UTC. Due to the evaluation model of Nix expressions
|
||
(<emphasis>maximal laziness</emphasis>), it always yields the same
|
||
value within an execution of Nix.</para></listitem>
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||
|
||
</varlistentry>
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||
-->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!--
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||
<varlistentry><term><function>dependencyClosure</function></term>
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||
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||
<listitem><para>TODO</para></listitem>
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||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
-->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.deepSeq</function>
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||
<replaceable>e1</replaceable> <replaceable>e2</replaceable></term>
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||
|
||
<listitem><para>This is like <literal>seq
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||
<replaceable>e1</replaceable>
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||
<replaceable>e2</replaceable></literal>, except that
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||
<replaceable>e1</replaceable> is evaluated
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||
<emphasis>deeply</emphasis>: if it’s a list or set, its elements
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||
or attributes are also evaluated recursively.</para></listitem>
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||
|
||
</varlistentry>
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||
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||
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||
<varlistentry><term><function>derivation</function>
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||
<replaceable>attrs</replaceable></term>
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||
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||
<listitem><para><function>derivation</function> is described in
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||
<xref linkend='ssec-derivation' />.</para></listitem>
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||
|
||
</varlistentry>
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||
|
||
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||
<varlistentry><term><function>dirOf</function> <replaceable>s</replaceable></term>
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||
|
||
<listitem><para>Return the directory part of the string
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||
<replaceable>s</replaceable>, that is, everything before the final
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||
slash in the string. This is similar to the GNU
|
||
<command>dirname</command> command.</para></listitem>
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||
|
||
</varlistentry>
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||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.div</function>
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||
<replaceable>e1</replaceable> <replaceable>e2</replaceable></term>
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||
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||
<listitem><para>Return the quotient of the numbers
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||
<replaceable>e1</replaceable> and
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||
<replaceable>e2</replaceable>.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
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||
|
||
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||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.elem</function>
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||
<replaceable>x</replaceable> <replaceable>xs</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Return <literal>true</literal> if a value equal to
|
||
<replaceable>x</replaceable> occurs in the list
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||
<replaceable>xs</replaceable>, and <literal>false</literal>
|
||
otherwise.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.elemAt</function>
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||
<replaceable>xs</replaceable> <replaceable>n</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Return element <replaceable>n</replaceable> from
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||
the list <replaceable>xs</replaceable>. Elements are counted
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||
starting from 0. A fatal error occurs in the index is out of
|
||
bounds.</para></listitem>
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||
|
||
</varlistentry>
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||
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||
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||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.fetchurl</function>
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||
<replaceable>url</replaceable></term>
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||
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||
<listitem><para>Download the specified URL and return the path of
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||
the downloaded file. This function is not available if <link
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||
linkend="conf-restrict-eval">restricted evaluation mode</link> is
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||
enabled.</para></listitem>
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||
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||
</varlistentry>
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||
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||
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<varlistentry><term><function>fetchTarball</function>
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||
<replaceable>url</replaceable></term>
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||
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||
<listitem><para>Download the specified URL, unpack it and return
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||
the path of the unpacked tree. The file must be a tape archive
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||
(<filename>.tar</filename>) compressed with
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||
<literal>gzip</literal>, <literal>bzip2</literal> or
|
||
<literal>xz</literal>. The top-level path component of the files
|
||
in the tarball is removed, so it is best if the tarball contains a
|
||
single directory at top level. The typical use of the function is
|
||
to obtain external Nix expression dependencies, such as a
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||
particular version of Nixpkgs, e.g.
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||
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||
<programlisting>
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with import (fetchTarball https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs-channels/archive/nixos-14.12.tar.gz) {};
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||
stdenv.mkDerivation { … }
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||
</programlisting>
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||
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||
</para>
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||
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||
<para>This function is not available if <link
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||
linkend="conf-restrict-eval">restricted evaluation mode</link> is
|
||
enabled.</para></listitem>
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||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.filter</function>
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||
<replaceable>f</replaceable> <replaceable>xs</replaceable></term>
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||
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||
<listitem><para>Return a list consisting of the elements of
|
||
<replaceable>xs</replaceable> for which the function
|
||
<replaceable>f</replaceable> returns
|
||
<literal>true</literal>.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
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||
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||
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||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.filterSource</function>
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||
<replaceable>e1</replaceable> <replaceable>e2</replaceable></term>
|
||
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||
<listitem>
|
||
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||
<para>This function allows you to copy sources into the Nix
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||
store while filtering certain files. For instance, suppose that
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||
you want to use the directory <filename>source-dir</filename> as
|
||
an input to a Nix expression, e.g.
|
||
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||
<programlisting>
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||
stdenv.mkDerivation {
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||
...
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||
src = ./source-dir;
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||
}
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||
</programlisting>
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||
|
||
However, if <filename>source-dir</filename> is a Subversion
|
||
working copy, then all those annoying <filename>.svn</filename>
|
||
subdirectories will also be copied to the store. Worse, the
|
||
contents of those directories may change a lot, causing lots of
|
||
spurious rebuilds. With <function>filterSource</function> you
|
||
can filter out the <filename>.svn</filename> directories:
|
||
|
||
<programlisting>
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||
src = builtins.filterSource
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||
(path: type: type != "directory" || baseNameOf path != ".svn")
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||
./source-dir;
|
||
</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Thus, the first argument <replaceable>e1</replaceable>
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||
must be a predicate function that is called for each regular
|
||
file, directory or symlink in the source tree
|
||
<replaceable>e2</replaceable>. If the function returns
|
||
<literal>true</literal>, the file is copied to the Nix store,
|
||
otherwise it is omitted. The function is called with two
|
||
arguments. The first is the full path of the file. The second
|
||
is a string that identifies the type of the file, which is
|
||
either <literal>"regular"</literal>,
|
||
<literal>"directory"</literal>, <literal>"symlink"</literal> or
|
||
<literal>"unknown"</literal> (for other kinds of files such as
|
||
device nodes or fifos — but note that those cannot be copied to
|
||
the Nix store, so if the predicate returns
|
||
<literal>true</literal> for them, the copy will fail).</para>
|
||
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.foldl’</function>
|
||
<replaceable>op</replaceable> <replaceable>nul</replaceable> <replaceable>list</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Reduce a list by applying a binary operator, from
|
||
left to right, e.g. <literal>foldl’ op nul [x0 x1 x2 ...] = op (op
|
||
(op nul x0) x1) x2) ...</literal>. The operator is applied
|
||
strictly, i.e., its arguments are evaluated first. For example,
|
||
<literal>foldl’ (x: y: x + y) 0 [1 2 3]</literal> evaluates to
|
||
6.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.functionArgs</function>
|
||
<replaceable>f</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>
|
||
Return a set containing the names of the formal arguments expected
|
||
by the function <replaceable>f</replaceable>.
|
||
The value of each attribute is a Boolean denoting whether the corresponding
|
||
argument has a default value. For instance,
|
||
<literal>functionArgs ({ x, y ? 123}: ...) = { x = false; y = true; }</literal>.
|
||
</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>"Formal argument" here refers to the attributes pattern-matched by
|
||
the function. Plain lambdas are not included, e.g.
|
||
<literal>functionArgs (x: ...) = { }</literal>.
|
||
</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.fromJSON</function> <replaceable>e</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Convert a JSON string to a Nix
|
||
value. For example,
|
||
|
||
<programlisting>
|
||
builtins.fromJSON ''{"x": [1, 2, 3], "y": null}''
|
||
</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
returns the value <literal>{ x = [ 1 2 3 ]; y = null;
|
||
}</literal>. Floating point numbers are not
|
||
supported.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.genList</function>
|
||
<replaceable>generator</replaceable> <replaceable>length</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Generate list of size
|
||
<replaceable>length</replaceable>, with each element
|
||
<replaceable>i></replaceable> equal to the value returned by
|
||
<replaceable>generator</replaceable> <literal>i</literal>. For
|
||
example,
|
||
|
||
<programlisting>
|
||
builtins.genList (x: x * x) 5
|
||
</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
returns the list <literal>[ 0 1 4 9 16 ]</literal>.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.getAttr</function>
|
||
<replaceable>s</replaceable> <replaceable>set</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para><function>getAttr</function> returns the attribute
|
||
named <replaceable>s</replaceable> from
|
||
<replaceable>set</replaceable>. Evaluation aborts if the
|
||
attribute doesn’t exist. This is a dynamic version of the
|
||
<literal>.</literal> operator, since <replaceable>s</replaceable>
|
||
is an expression rather than an identifier.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.getEnv</function>
|
||
<replaceable>s</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para><function>getEnv</function> returns the value of
|
||
the environment variable <replaceable>s</replaceable>, or an empty
|
||
string if the variable doesn’t exist. This function should be
|
||
used with care, as it can introduce all sorts of nasty environment
|
||
dependencies in your Nix expression.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para><function>getEnv</function> is used in Nix Packages to
|
||
locate the file <filename>~/.nixpkgs/config.nix</filename>, which
|
||
contains user-local settings for Nix Packages. (That is, it does
|
||
a <literal>getEnv "HOME"</literal> to locate the user’s home
|
||
directory.)</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.hasAttr</function>
|
||
<replaceable>s</replaceable> <replaceable>set</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para><function>hasAttr</function> returns
|
||
<literal>true</literal> if <replaceable>set</replaceable> has an
|
||
attribute named <replaceable>s</replaceable>, and
|
||
<literal>false</literal> otherwise. This is a dynamic version of
|
||
the <literal>?</literal> operator, since
|
||
<replaceable>s</replaceable> is an expression rather than an
|
||
identifier.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.hashString</function>
|
||
<replaceable>type</replaceable> <replaceable>s</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Return a base-16 representation of the
|
||
cryptographic hash of string <replaceable>s</replaceable>. The
|
||
hash algorithm specified by <replaceable>type</replaceable> must
|
||
be one of <literal>"md5"</literal>, <literal>"sha1"</literal> or
|
||
<literal>"sha256"</literal>.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.head</function>
|
||
<replaceable>list</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Return the first element of a list; abort
|
||
evaluation if the argument isn’t a list or is an empty list. You
|
||
can test whether a list is empty by comparing it with
|
||
<literal>[]</literal>.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>import</function>
|
||
<replaceable>path</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Load, parse and return the Nix expression in the
|
||
file <replaceable>path</replaceable>. If <replaceable>path
|
||
</replaceable> is a directory, the file <filename>default.nix
|
||
</filename> in that directory is loaded. Evaluation aborts if the
|
||
file doesn’t exist or contains an incorrect Nix expression.
|
||
<function>import</function> implements Nix’s module system: you
|
||
can put any Nix expression (such as a set or a function) in a
|
||
separate file, and use it from Nix expressions in other
|
||
files.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>A Nix expression loaded by <function>import</function> must
|
||
not contain any <emphasis>free variables</emphasis> (identifiers
|
||
that are not defined in the Nix expression itself and are not
|
||
built-in). Therefore, it cannot refer to variables that are in
|
||
scope at the call site. For instance, if you have a calling
|
||
expression
|
||
|
||
<programlisting>
|
||
rec {
|
||
x = 123;
|
||
y = import ./foo.nix;
|
||
}</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
then the following <filename>foo.nix</filename> will give an
|
||
error:
|
||
|
||
<programlisting>
|
||
x + 456</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
since <varname>x</varname> is not in scope in
|
||
<filename>foo.nix</filename>. If you want <varname>x</varname>
|
||
to be available in <filename>foo.nix</filename>, you should pass
|
||
it as a function argument:
|
||
|
||
<programlisting>
|
||
rec {
|
||
x = 123;
|
||
y = import ./foo.nix x;
|
||
}</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
and
|
||
|
||
<programlisting>
|
||
x: x + 456</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
(The function argument doesn’t have to be called
|
||
<varname>x</varname> in <filename>foo.nix</filename>; any name
|
||
would work.)</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.intersectAttrs</function>
|
||
<replaceable>e1</replaceable> <replaceable>e2</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Return a set consisting of the attributes in the
|
||
set <replaceable>e2</replaceable> that also exist in the set
|
||
<replaceable>e1</replaceable>.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.isAttrs</function>
|
||
<replaceable>e</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Return <literal>true</literal> if
|
||
<replaceable>e</replaceable> evaluates to a set, and
|
||
<literal>false</literal> otherwise.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.isList</function>
|
||
<replaceable>e</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Return <literal>true</literal> if
|
||
<replaceable>e</replaceable> evaluates to a list, and
|
||
<literal>false</literal> otherwise.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.isFunction</function>
|
||
<replaceable>e</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Return <literal>true</literal> if
|
||
<replaceable>e</replaceable> evaluates to a function, and
|
||
<literal>false</literal> otherwise.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.isString</function>
|
||
<replaceable>e</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Return <literal>true</literal> if
|
||
<replaceable>e</replaceable> evaluates to a string, and
|
||
<literal>false</literal> otherwise.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.isInt</function>
|
||
<replaceable>e</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Return <literal>true</literal> if
|
||
<replaceable>e</replaceable> evaluates to an int, and
|
||
<literal>false</literal> otherwise.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.isBool</function>
|
||
<replaceable>e</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Return <literal>true</literal> if
|
||
<replaceable>e</replaceable> evaluates to a bool, and
|
||
<literal>false</literal> otherwise.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>isNull</function>
|
||
<replaceable>e</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Return <literal>true</literal> if
|
||
<replaceable>e</replaceable> evaluates to <literal>null</literal>,
|
||
and <literal>false</literal> otherwise.</para>
|
||
|
||
<warning><para>This function is <emphasis>deprecated</emphasis>;
|
||
just write <literal>e == null</literal> instead.</para></warning>
|
||
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.length</function>
|
||
<replaceable>e</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Return the length of the list
|
||
<replaceable>e</replaceable>.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.lessThan</function>
|
||
<replaceable>e1</replaceable> <replaceable>e2</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Return <literal>true</literal> if the number
|
||
<replaceable>e1</replaceable> is less than the number
|
||
<replaceable>e2</replaceable>, and <literal>false</literal>
|
||
otherwise. Evaluation aborts if either
|
||
<replaceable>e1</replaceable> or <replaceable>e2</replaceable>
|
||
does not evaluate to a number.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.listToAttrs</function>
|
||
<replaceable>e</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Construct a set from a list specifying the names
|
||
and values of each attribute. Each element of the list should be
|
||
a set consisting of a string-valued attribute
|
||
<varname>name</varname> specifying the name of the attribute, and
|
||
an attribute <varname>value</varname> specifying its value.
|
||
Example:
|
||
|
||
<programlisting>
|
||
builtins.listToAttrs
|
||
[ { name = "foo"; value = 123; }
|
||
{ name = "bar"; value = 456; }
|
||
]
|
||
</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
evaluates to
|
||
|
||
<programlisting>
|
||
{ foo = 123; bar = 456; }
|
||
</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>map</function>
|
||
<replaceable>f</replaceable> <replaceable>list</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Apply the function <replaceable>f</replaceable> to
|
||
each element in the list <replaceable>list</replaceable>. For
|
||
example,
|
||
|
||
<programlisting>
|
||
map (x: "foo" + x) [ "bar" "bla" "abc" ]</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
evaluates to <literal>[ "foobar" "foobla" "fooabc"
|
||
]</literal>.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.mul</function>
|
||
<replaceable>e1</replaceable> <replaceable>e2</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Return the product of the numbers
|
||
<replaceable>e1</replaceable> and
|
||
<replaceable>e2</replaceable>.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.parseDrvName</function>
|
||
<replaceable>s</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Split the string <replaceable>s</replaceable> into
|
||
a package name and version. The package name is everything up to
|
||
but not including the first dash followed by a digit, and the
|
||
version is everything following that dash. The result is returned
|
||
in a set <literal>{ name, version }</literal>. Thus,
|
||
<literal>builtins.parseDrvName "nix-0.12pre12876"</literal>
|
||
returns <literal>{ name = "nix"; version = "0.12pre12876";
|
||
}</literal>.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.pathExists</function>
|
||
<replaceable>path</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Return <literal>true</literal> if the path
|
||
<replaceable>path</replaceable> exists, and
|
||
<literal>false</literal> otherwise. One application of this
|
||
function is to conditionally include a Nix expression containing
|
||
user configuration:
|
||
|
||
<programlisting>
|
||
let
|
||
fileName = builtins.getEnv "CONFIG_FILE";
|
||
config =
|
||
if fileName != "" && builtins.pathExists (builtins.toPath fileName)
|
||
then import (builtins.toPath fileName)
|
||
else { someSetting = false; }; <lineannotation># default configuration</lineannotation>
|
||
in config.someSetting</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
(Note that <envar>CONFIG_FILE</envar> must be an absolute path for
|
||
this to work.)</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.readDir</function>
|
||
<replaceable>path</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Return the contents of the directory
|
||
<replaceable>path</replaceable> as a set mapping directory entries
|
||
to the corresponding file type. For instance, if directory
|
||
<filename>A</filename> contains a regular file
|
||
<filename>B</filename> and another directory
|
||
<filename>C</filename>, then <literal>builtins.readDir
|
||
./A</literal> will return the set
|
||
|
||
<programlisting>
|
||
{ B = "regular"; C = "directory"; }</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
The possible values for the file type are
|
||
<literal>"regular"</literal>, <literal>"directory"</literal>,
|
||
<literal>"symlink"</literal> and
|
||
<literal>"unknown"</literal>.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.readFile</function>
|
||
<replaceable>path</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Return the contents of the file
|
||
<replaceable>path</replaceable> as a string.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>removeAttrs</function>
|
||
<replaceable>set</replaceable> <replaceable>list</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Remove the attributes listed in
|
||
<replaceable>list</replaceable> from
|
||
<replaceable>set</replaceable>. The attributes don’t have to
|
||
exist in <replaceable>set</replaceable>. For instance,
|
||
|
||
<programlisting>
|
||
removeAttrs { x = 1; y = 2; z = 3; } [ "a" "x" "z" ]</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
evaluates to <literal>{ y = 2; }</literal>.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.replaceStrings</function>
|
||
<replaceable>from</replaceable> <replaceable>to</replaceable> <replaceable>s</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Given string <replaceable>s</replaceable>, replace
|
||
every occurrence of the strings in <replaceable>from</replaceable>
|
||
with the corresponding string in
|
||
<replaceable>to</replaceable>. For example,
|
||
|
||
<programlisting>
|
||
builtins.replaceStrings ["oo" "a"] ["a" "i"] "foobar"
|
||
</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
evaluates to <literal>"fabir"</literal>.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.seq</function>
|
||
<replaceable>e1</replaceable> <replaceable>e2</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Evaluate <replaceable>e1</replaceable>, then
|
||
evaluate and return <replaceable>e2</replaceable>. This ensures
|
||
that a computation is strict in the value of
|
||
<replaceable>e1</replaceable>.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.sort</function>
|
||
<replaceable>comparator</replaceable> <replaceable>list</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Return <replaceable>list</replaceable> in sorted
|
||
order. It repeatedly calls the function
|
||
<replaceable>comparator</replaceable> with two elements. The
|
||
comparator should return <literal>true</literal> if the first
|
||
element is less than the second, and <literal>false</literal>
|
||
otherwise. For example,
|
||
|
||
<programlisting>
|
||
builtins.sort builtins.lessThan [ 483 249 526 147 42 77 ]
|
||
</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
produces the list <literal>[ 42 77 147 249 483 526
|
||
]</literal>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>This is a stable sort: it preserves the relative order of
|
||
elements deemed equal by the comparator.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.stringLength</function>
|
||
<replaceable>e</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Return the length of the string
|
||
<replaceable>e</replaceable>. If <replaceable>e</replaceable> is
|
||
not a string, evaluation is aborted.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.sub</function>
|
||
<replaceable>e1</replaceable> <replaceable>e2</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Return the difference between the numbers
|
||
<replaceable>e1</replaceable> and
|
||
<replaceable>e2</replaceable>.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.substring</function>
|
||
<replaceable>start</replaceable> <replaceable>len</replaceable>
|
||
<replaceable>s</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Return the substring of
|
||
<replaceable>s</replaceable> from character position
|
||
<replaceable>start</replaceable> (zero-based) up to but not
|
||
including <replaceable>start + len</replaceable>. If
|
||
<replaceable>start</replaceable> is greater than the length of the
|
||
string, an empty string is returned, and if <replaceable>start +
|
||
len</replaceable> lies beyond the end of the string, only the
|
||
substring up to the end of the string is returned.
|
||
<replaceable>start</replaceable> must be
|
||
non-negative.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.tail</function>
|
||
<replaceable>list</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Return the second to last elements of a list;
|
||
abort evaluation if the argument isn’t a list or is an empty
|
||
list.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>throw</function>
|
||
<replaceable>s</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Throw an error message
|
||
<replaceable>s</replaceable>. This usually aborts Nix expression
|
||
evaluation, but in <command>nix-env -qa</command> and other
|
||
commands that try to evaluate a set of derivations to get
|
||
information about those derivations, a derivation that throws an
|
||
error is silently skipped (which is not the case for
|
||
<function>abort</function>).</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry
|
||
xml:id='builtin-toFile'><term><function>builtins.toFile</function>
|
||
<replaceable>name</replaceable> <replaceable>s</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Store the string <replaceable>s</replaceable> in a
|
||
file in the Nix store and return its path. The file has suffix
|
||
<replaceable>name</replaceable>. This file can be used as an
|
||
input to derivations. One application is to write builders
|
||
“inline”. For instance, the following Nix expression combines
|
||
<xref linkend='ex-hello-nix' /> and <xref
|
||
linkend='ex-hello-builder' /> into one file:
|
||
|
||
<programlisting>
|
||
{ stdenv, fetchurl, perl }:
|
||
|
||
stdenv.mkDerivation {
|
||
name = "hello-2.1.1";
|
||
|
||
builder = builtins.toFile "builder.sh" "
|
||
source $stdenv/setup
|
||
|
||
PATH=$perl/bin:$PATH
|
||
|
||
tar xvfz $src
|
||
cd hello-*
|
||
./configure --prefix=$out
|
||
make
|
||
make install
|
||
";
|
||
|
||
src = fetchurl {
|
||
url = http://nix.cs.uu.nl/dist/tarballs/hello-2.1.1.tar.gz;
|
||
md5 = "70c9ccf9fac07f762c24f2df2290784d";
|
||
};
|
||
inherit perl;
|
||
}</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>It is even possible for one file to refer to another, e.g.,
|
||
|
||
<programlisting>
|
||
builder = let
|
||
configFile = builtins.toFile "foo.conf" "
|
||
# This is some dummy configuration file.
|
||
<replaceable>...</replaceable>
|
||
";
|
||
in builtins.toFile "builder.sh" "
|
||
source $stdenv/setup
|
||
<replaceable>...</replaceable>
|
||
cp ${configFile} $out/etc/foo.conf
|
||
";</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
Note that <literal>${configFile}</literal> is an antiquotation
|
||
(see <xref linkend='ssec-values' />), so the result of the
|
||
expression <literal>configFile</literal> (i.e., a path like
|
||
<filename>/nix/store/m7p7jfny445k...-foo.conf</filename>) will be
|
||
spliced into the resulting string.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>It is however <emphasis>not</emphasis> allowed to have files
|
||
mutually referring to each other, like so:
|
||
|
||
<programlisting>
|
||
let
|
||
foo = builtins.toFile "foo" "...${bar}...";
|
||
bar = builtins.toFile "bar" "...${foo}...";
|
||
in foo</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
This is not allowed because it would cause a cyclic dependency in
|
||
the computation of the cryptographic hashes for
|
||
<varname>foo</varname> and <varname>bar</varname>.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.toJSON</function> <replaceable>e</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Return a string containing a JSON representation
|
||
of <replaceable>e</replaceable>. Strings, integers, floats, booleans,
|
||
nulls and lists are mapped to their JSON equivalents. Sets
|
||
(except derivations) are represented as objects. Derivations are
|
||
translated to a JSON string containing the derivation’s output
|
||
path. Paths are copied to the store and represented as a JSON
|
||
string of the resulting store path.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.toPath</function> <replaceable>s</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Convert the string value
|
||
<replaceable>s</replaceable> into a path value. The string
|
||
<replaceable>s</replaceable> must represent an absolute path
|
||
(i.e., must start with <literal>/</literal>). The path need not
|
||
exist. The resulting path is canonicalised, e.g.,
|
||
<literal>builtins.toPath "//foo/xyzzy/../bar/"</literal> returns
|
||
<literal>/foo/bar</literal>.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>toString</function> <replaceable>e</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Convert the expression
|
||
<replaceable>e</replaceable> to a string.
|
||
<replaceable>e</replaceable> can be a string (in which case
|
||
<function>toString</function> is a no-op) or a path (e.g.,
|
||
<literal>toString /foo/bar</literal> yields
|
||
<literal>"/foo/bar"</literal>.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry xml:id='builtin-toXML'><term><function>builtins.toXML</function> <replaceable>e</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Return a string containing an XML representation
|
||
of <replaceable>e</replaceable>. The main application for
|
||
<function>toXML</function> is to communicate information with the
|
||
builder in a more structured format than plain environment
|
||
variables.</para>
|
||
|
||
<!-- TODO: more formally describe the schema of the XML
|
||
representation -->
|
||
|
||
<para><xref linkend='ex-toxml' /> shows an example where this is
|
||
the case. The builder is supposed to generate the configuration
|
||
file for a <link xlink:href='http://jetty.mortbay.org/'>Jetty
|
||
servlet container</link>. A servlet container contains a number
|
||
of servlets (<filename>*.war</filename> files) each exported under
|
||
a specific URI prefix. So the servlet configuration is a list of
|
||
sets containing the <varname>path</varname> and
|
||
<varname>war</varname> of the servlet (<xref
|
||
linkend='ex-toxml-co-servlets' />). This kind of information is
|
||
difficult to communicate with the normal method of passing
|
||
information through an environment variable, which just
|
||
concatenates everything together into a string (which might just
|
||
work in this case, but wouldn’t work if fields are optional or
|
||
contain lists themselves). Instead the Nix expression is
|
||
converted to an XML representation with
|
||
<function>toXML</function>, which is unambiguous and can easily be
|
||
processed with the appropriate tools. For instance, in the
|
||
example an XSLT stylesheet (<xref linkend='ex-toxml-co-stylesheet'
|
||
/>) is applied to it (<xref linkend='ex-toxml-co-apply' />) to
|
||
generate the XML configuration file for the Jetty server. The XML
|
||
representation produced from <xref linkend='ex-toxml-co-servlets'
|
||
/> by <function>toXML</function> is shown in <xref
|
||
linkend='ex-toxml-result' />.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Note that <xref linkend='ex-toxml' /> uses the <function
|
||
linkend='builtin-toFile'>toFile</function> built-in to write the
|
||
builder and the stylesheet “inline” in the Nix expression. The
|
||
path of the stylesheet is spliced into the builder at
|
||
<literal>xsltproc ${stylesheet}
|
||
<replaceable>...</replaceable></literal>.</para>
|
||
|
||
<example xml:id='ex-toxml'><title>Passing information to a builder
|
||
using <function>toXML</function></title>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting><![CDATA[
|
||
{ stdenv, fetchurl, libxslt, jira, uberwiki }:
|
||
|
||
stdenv.mkDerivation (rec {
|
||
name = "web-server";
|
||
|
||
buildInputs = [ libxslt ];
|
||
|
||
builder = builtins.toFile "builder.sh" "
|
||
source $stdenv/setup
|
||
mkdir $out
|
||
echo $servlets | xsltproc ${stylesheet} - > $out/server-conf.xml]]> <co xml:id='ex-toxml-co-apply' /> <![CDATA[
|
||
";
|
||
|
||
stylesheet = builtins.toFile "stylesheet.xsl"]]> <co xml:id='ex-toxml-co-stylesheet' /> <![CDATA[
|
||
"<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
|
||
<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl='http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform' version='1.0'>
|
||
<xsl:template match='/'>
|
||
<Configure>
|
||
<xsl:for-each select='/expr/list/attrs'>
|
||
<Call name='addWebApplication'>
|
||
<Arg><xsl:value-of select=\"attr[@name = 'path']/string/@value\" /></Arg>
|
||
<Arg><xsl:value-of select=\"attr[@name = 'war']/path/@value\" /></Arg>
|
||
</Call>
|
||
</xsl:for-each>
|
||
</Configure>
|
||
</xsl:template>
|
||
</xsl:stylesheet>
|
||
";
|
||
|
||
servlets = builtins.toXML []]> <co xml:id='ex-toxml-co-servlets' /> <![CDATA[
|
||
{ path = "/bugtracker"; war = jira + "/lib/atlassian-jira.war"; }
|
||
{ path = "/wiki"; war = uberwiki + "/uberwiki.war"; }
|
||
];
|
||
})]]></programlisting>
|
||
|
||
</example>
|
||
|
||
<example xml:id='ex-toxml-result'><title>XML representation produced by
|
||
<function>toXML</function></title>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting><![CDATA[<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
|
||
<expr>
|
||
<list>
|
||
<attrs>
|
||
<attr name="path">
|
||
<string value="/bugtracker" />
|
||
</attr>
|
||
<attr name="war">
|
||
<path value="/nix/store/d1jh9pasa7k2...-jira/lib/atlassian-jira.war" />
|
||
</attr>
|
||
</attrs>
|
||
<attrs>
|
||
<attr name="path">
|
||
<string value="/wiki" />
|
||
</attr>
|
||
<attr name="war">
|
||
<path value="/nix/store/y6423b1yi4sx...-uberwiki/uberwiki.war" />
|
||
</attr>
|
||
</attrs>
|
||
</list>
|
||
</expr>]]></programlisting>
|
||
|
||
</example>
|
||
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.trace</function>
|
||
<replaceable>e1</replaceable> <replaceable>e2</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Evaluate <replaceable>e1</replaceable> and print its
|
||
abstract syntax representation on standard error. Then return
|
||
<replaceable>e2</replaceable>. This function is useful for
|
||
debugging.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry><term><function>builtins.typeOf</function>
|
||
<replaceable>e</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Return a string representing the type of the value
|
||
<replaceable>e</replaceable>, namely <literal>"int"</literal>,
|
||
<literal>"bool"</literal>, <literal>"string"</literal>,
|
||
<literal>"path"</literal>, <literal>"null"</literal>,
|
||
<literal>"set"</literal>, <literal>"list"</literal> or
|
||
<literal>"lambda"</literal>.</para></listitem>
|
||
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</variablelist>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</section>
|